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The Python Language Reference¶
This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the
language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of
non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules
are described in The Python Standard Library. For an informal introduction to the
language, see The Python Tutorial. For C or C++ programmers, two additional
manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to
write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API Reference Manual describes the
interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.
1. Introduction
1.1. Alternate Implementations
1.2. Notation
2. Lexical analysis
2.1. Line structure
2.2. Other tokens
2.3. Identifiers and keywords
2.4. Literals
2.5. Operators
2.6. Delimiters
3. Data model
3.1. Objects, values and types
3.2. The standard type hierarchy
3.3. Special method names
3.4. Coroutines
4. Execution model
4.1. Structure of a program
4.2. Naming and binding
4.3. Exceptions
5. The import system
5.1. importlib
5.2. Packages
5.3. Searching
5.4. Loading
5.5. The Path Based Finder
5.6. Replacing the standard import system
5.7. Package Relative Imports
5.8. Special considerations for __main__
5.9. References
6. Expressions
6.1. Arithmetic conversions
6.2. Atoms
6.3. Primaries
6.4. Await expression
6.5. The power operator
6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
6.8. Shifting operations
6.9. Binary bitwise operations
6.10. Comparisons
6.11. Boolean operations
6.12. Assignment expressions
6.13. Conditional expressions
6.14. Lambdas
6.15. Expression lists
6.16. Evaluation order
6.17. Operator precedence
7. Simple statements
7.1. Expression statements
7.2. Assignment statements
7.3. The assert statement
7.4. The pass statement
7.5. The del statement
7.6. The return statement
7.7. The yield statement
7.8. The raise statement
7.9. The break statement
7.10. The continue statement
7.11. The import statement
7.12. The global statement
7.13. The nonlocal statement
7.14. The type statement
8. Compound statements
8.1. The if statement
8.2. The while statement
8.3. The for statement
8.4. The try statement
8.5. The with statement
8.6. The match statement
8.7. Function definitions
8.8. Class definitions
8.9. Coroutines
8.10. Type parameter lists
9. Top-level components
9.1. Complete Python programs
9.2. File input
9.3. Interactive input
9.4. Expression input
10. Full Grammar specification
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