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(关系型数据的可视化) 热力图体现了两个离散变量之间的组合关系 热力图,有时也称之为交叉填充表。该图形最典型的用法就是实现列联表的可视化,即通过图形的方式展现两个离散变量之间的组合关系。读者可以借助于seaborn模块中的heatmap函数,完成热力图的绘制。按照惯例,首先对该函数的用法及参数含义做如下解释: heatmap(data, vmin=None, vmax=None, cmap=None, center=None, annot=None, fmt='.2g', annot_kws=None, linewidths=0, linecolor='white', cbar=True, cbar_kws = None, square=False, xticklabels='auto', yticklabels='auto', mask=None, ax=None) data:指定绘制热力图的数据集。vmin,vmax:用于指定图例中最小值与最大值的显示值。cmap:指定一个colormap对象,用于热力图的填充色。(supported values are ‘Accent’, ‘Accent_r’, ‘Blues’, ‘Blues_r’, ‘BrBG’, ‘BrBG_r’, ‘BuGn’, ‘BuGn_r’, ‘BuPu’, ‘BuPu_r’, ‘CMRmap’, ‘CMRmap_r’, ‘Dark2’, ‘Dark2_r’, ‘GnBu’, ‘GnBu_r’, ‘Greens’, ‘Greens_r’, ‘Greys’, ‘Greys_r’, ‘OrRd’, ‘OrRd_r’, ‘Oranges’, ‘Oranges_r’, ‘PRGn’, ‘PRGn_r’, ‘Paired’, ‘Paired_r’, ‘Pastel1’, ‘Pastel1_r’, ‘Pastel2’, ‘Pastel2_r’, ‘PiYG’, ‘PiYG_r’, ‘PuBu’, ‘PuBuGn’, ‘PuBuGn_r’, ‘PuBu_r’, ‘PuOr’, ‘PuOr_r’, ‘PuRd’, ‘PuRd_r’, ‘Purples’, ‘Purples_r’, ‘RdBu’, ‘RdBu_r’, ‘RdGy’, ‘RdGy_r’, ‘RdPu’, ‘RdPu_r’, ‘RdYlBu’, ‘RdYlBu_r’, ‘RdYlGn’, ‘RdYlGn_r’, ‘Reds’, ‘Reds_r’, ‘Set1’, ‘Set1_r’, ‘Set2’, ‘Set2_r’, ‘Set3’, ‘Set3_r’, ‘Spectral’, ‘Spectral_r’, ‘Wistia’, ‘Wistia_r’, ‘YlGn’, ‘YlGnBu’, ‘YlGnBu_r’, ‘YlGn_r’, ‘YlOrBr’, ‘YlOrBr_r’, ‘YlOrRd’, ‘YlOrRd_r’, ‘afmhot’, ‘afmhot_r’, ‘autumn’, ‘autumn_r’, ‘binary’, ‘binary_r’, ‘bone’, ‘bone_r’, ‘brg’, ‘brg_r’, ‘bwr’, ‘bwr_r’, ‘cividis’, ‘cividis_r’, ‘cool’, ‘cool_r’, ‘coolwarm’, ‘coolwarm_r’, ‘copper’, ‘copper_r’, ‘cubehelix’, ‘cubehelix_r’, ‘flag’, ‘flag_r’, ‘gist_earth’, ‘gist_earth_r’, ‘gist_gray’, ‘gist_gray_r’, ‘gist_heat’, ‘gist_heat_r’, ‘gist_ncar’, ‘gist_ncar_r’, ‘gist_rainbow’, ‘gist_rainbow_r’, ‘gist_stern’, ‘gist_stern_r’, ‘gist_yarg’, ‘gist_yarg_r’, ‘gnuplot’, ‘gnuplot2’, ‘gnuplot2_r’, ‘gnuplot_r’, ‘gray’, ‘gray_r’, ‘hot’, ‘hot_r’, ‘hsv’, ‘hsv_r’, ‘icefire’, ‘icefire_r’, ‘inferno’, ‘inferno_r’, ‘jet’, ‘jet_r’, ‘magma’, ‘magma_r’, ‘mako’, ‘mako_r’, ‘nipy_spectral’, ‘nipy_spectral_r’, ‘ocean’, ‘ocean_r’, ‘pink’, ‘pink_r’, ‘plasma’, ‘plasma_r’, ‘prism’, ‘prism_r’, ‘rainbow’, ‘rainbow_r’, ‘rocket’, ‘rocket_r’, ‘seismic’, ‘seismic_r’, ‘spring’, ‘spring_r’, ‘summer’, ‘summer_r’, ‘tab10’, ‘tab10_r’, ‘tab20’, ‘tab20_r’, ‘tab20b’, ‘tab20b_r’, ‘tab20c’, ‘tab20c_r’, ‘terrain’, ‘terrain_r’, ‘turbo’, ‘turbo_r’, ‘twilight’, ‘twilight_r’, ‘twilight_shifted’, ‘twilight_shifted_r’, ‘viridis’, ‘viridis_r’, ‘vlag’, ‘vlag_r’, ‘winter’, ‘winter_r’)center:指定颜色中心值,通过该参数可以调整热力图的颜色深浅。annot:指定一个bool类型的值或与data参数形状一样的数组,如果为True,就在热力图的每个单元上显示数值。fmt:指定单元格中数据的显示格式。annot_kws:有关单元格中数值标签的其他属性描述,如颜色、大小等。linewidths:指定每个单元格的边框宽度。linecolor:指定每个单元格的边框颜色。cbar:bool类型参数,是否用颜色条作为图例,默认为True。square:bool类型参数,是否使热力图的每个单元格为正方形,默认为False。cbar_kws:有关颜色条的其他属性描述。xticklabels,yticklabels:指定热力图x轴和y轴的刻度标签,如果为True,则分别以数据框的变量名和行名称作为刻度标签。mask:用于突出显示某些数据。ax:用于指定子图的位置。接下来,以某服装店的交易数据为例,统计2009—2012年每个月的销售总额: 结果: year 2009 2010 2011 2012 month 1 520452.5595 334535.0605 255919.2030 341339.2470 2 333909.5565 271881.9480 299890.1410 281270.1790 3 411628.7290 217808.0065 296151.7510 387093.7650 4 406848.7620 266968.5890 290384.4670 278402.9940 5 228025.5680 287796.5150 264673.6260 384588.0615 6 273758.8780 293600.7750 196918.1455 316775.7855 7 412797.4600 240297.1585 287905.1865 275160.0495 8 329754.7150 205789.6440 275211.3295 306671.2835 9 325292.3145 419689.7785 278230.1660 319675.1765 10 347173.8005 368544.9250 305660.4510 351438.0925 11 253867.1960 295010.9555 385452.7300 261206.4290 12 420420.2355 368093.9540 328898.4945 351756.4180它是列联表的格式,反映的是每年各月份的销售总额。很显然,通过肉眼是无法迅速发现销售业绩在各月份中的差异的,如果将数据表以热力图的形式展现,问题就会简单很多。 |
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