[英语基础语法11] 动词的三态：时态，语态，情态

动词，就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的子句都有一个动词，要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、从属连接词或增加子句等方法连结。而在英语中根据时间和动作的种类，动词又分为了多种时态。

1．一般现在时（do)；

2．一般过去时(did)；

3．一般将来时( will do)（be going to do）(shall do)；

4．一般过去将来时( would do)；

5．现在进行时( be doing)；

6．过去进行时(was/were doing)；

7．将来进行时( will be doing)；

8．过去将来进行时( would be doing)（was/were going to do）；

9．现在完成时(have done)；

10．过去完成时( had done)；

11．将来完成时( will have done)；

12．过去将来完成时(would have done)；

13．现在完成进行时( have been doing)；

14．过去完成进行时( had been doing)；

15．将来完成进行时( will have been doing)；

16．过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)。

其实是英语动词的时和体。

时有现在、过去、将来和过去将来；

体有一般、完成、进行和完成进行。

而语态有2种，即主动和被动。以上只是主动，加上被动就更多了。

时态由“时”和“态”构成。

“时”主要有4个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；

“态”也有4种，即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。

将4个“时”和4个“态”组合在一起，就是时态的种类，共16种。

在初高中阶段，一般不需要掌握表格右下角加注的六种时态。

时

态

现在时

过去时

将来时

过去将来时

一般

一般现在时

do

一般过去时

did

一般将来时

( will do)

（be going to do）

(shall do)

一般过去将来时

would do

进行

现在进行时

be doing

过去进行时

was/were doing

将来进行时

will be doing

▲过去将来进行时

( would be doing)

（was/were going to do）

完成

现在完成时

have done

过去完成时

had done

▲将来完成时

will have done

▲过去将来完成时

would have done

完成进行

现在完成进行时

have been doing

▲过去完成进行时

had been doing

▲将来完成进行时

will have been doing

▲过去将来完成进行时

would have been doing

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every…，sometimes,　at…，on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week：我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次

2) 客观事实，普遍真理。

The earth moves around the sun：地球绕着太阳转

Shanghai lies in the east of China：上海位于中国的东部

3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round：哥伦布证明了地球是圆的

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much：我不想那么多

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well：Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好

比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup：现在我在杯子里放了糖

I am doing my homework now

（含义：我正在做我的家庭作业）

注：用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

5﹞主将从现﹝主句用将来时 从句用现在时表将来﹞

① I will tell you,When Li Ming comes

（含义：当李明来的时候我会告诉你）

② I'll e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing

（含义：我一到达北京就发电子邮件给你）

注 ：一般从句为时间状语从句「由When As soon as...引导的从句」条件状语从句「由If...引导的从句」

6)表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词

如：begin,come,leave,go等

The meeting begins at seven：会议七点开始

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。

Where did you go just now

（含义：你刚才去哪里了？）

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a kid,I often played football in the street

（含义：当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球）

Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome

（含义：布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎）

3）句型：

It is time for sb. to do sth　"到某人做某事时间了"　"某人该……了"

It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"　"早该……了"

It is time for you to go to bed：你该睡觉了

It is time you went to bed：你早该睡觉了

would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'宁愿某人做某事'

I'd rather you came tomorrow

（含义：我宁愿你明天来）

4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。

I thought you might have some

（含义：我以为你想要一些）

比较：

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid all her life

(含义：她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life

(含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.

(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.

( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)

注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。

Did you want anything else：你还有什么事吗？

I wondered if you could help me：不知你能不能帮我个忙

2）情态动词could,would.

Could you lend me your bike：你能借给我你的自行车？

used to / be used to

used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。

Mother used not to be so forgetful：妈妈过去不是这样健忘

Scarf used to take a walk.　(过去常常散步)

be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。

He is used to a vegetarian diet：他习惯于素食

Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)

典型例题

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't

答案（A）：本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时

1)　shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。

will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first：我应该先读哪一段？

Will you be at home at seven this evening：你今晚七点在家吗？

 https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

2)　be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。

What are you going to do tomorrow：你打算明天干什么？

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month：该活动在下个月举行

c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm：看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了

3)　be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday：我们下星期六将讨论这份报告

4)　be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。

He is about to leave for Beijing：他要去北京

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

be going to / will

用于条件句时， be going to　表将来

will　表意愿

If you are going to make a journey,you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好

Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服

be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。

be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　(客观安排)

明天下午我要去踢足球

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning：火车明天上午六点开

—When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开？

—It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后

2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在时间或条件句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me：当比尔来了，让他等我

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there：当我到达那里时，我会写信给你

4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。

I hope they have a nice time next week：我希望他们下星期玩得愉快

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room：在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭

用现在进行时表示将来

意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。

I'm leaving tomorrow：我明天就要走了

Are you staying here till next week：你要在这儿呆到下星期

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去　但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。

比较过去时与现在完成时

1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语：

yesterday,last week，…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语

共同的时间状语：

this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately

现在完成时的时间状语

for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,　till / until,up to now,in past years,always,

不确定的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。

举例：

I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了这部电影

（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film：我已经看过这部电影

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

Why did you get up so early

（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）

Who hasn't handed in his paper

（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）

She has returned from Paris：她已从巴黎回来了。

She returned yesterday：她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years：他在团中已经三年

(在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years：他连续三年被一个团内的成员

(是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago：他三年前入团

( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White

---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　这是我第一次听他唱歌。

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

---No,this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was　B. have been　C. came　D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before

---No,it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even,come　B. even,have come　C. ever,come　D. ever,have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.

（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

I have lived here for more than twenty years：我已经在这儿住了二十多年了

I have lived here since I was born：我从出生就住在这里

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949：我的阿姨自1949以来在诊所工作

Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976：一些新的油田自1976年已开放

I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl：我从小李是个小女孩时就认识她

My brother has been in the Youth League for two years：我的哥哥入团已经两年了

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time：我已经很长时间没有收到我叔叔的来信了

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years.

(我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years.

(现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门：　当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续性动词在完成时中的误使。

1)　(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

= Tom began to study Russian thre e years ago,and is still studying it now.

2)　(错) Harry has got married for six years.

= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.

显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

四种用法

1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。

I have been here since 1989

2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago

3) since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here

4) It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

延续动词与瞬间动词

1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历；

瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work.　他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)

I've known him since then.　我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2)　用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"

瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.

他到10 点才回来。

He slept till ten o'clock.

他一直睡到10点。

值得注意的是，在till(until)引出的时间状语从句中，谓语动词的时态问题较为复杂。till(until)-从句的谓语动词往往用一般时态来表示。例如：

He does not go to school till(until) the cock crows at nine in the morning.

They will live in Chicago till(until) William finishes his thesis.

She waited till(until) I returned.

英国语言学家伦道夫·夸克教授等人在1972年出版的专著《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English)中认为：till(until)-从句的谓语动词不能与助动词shall或will连用。而中国语言学家周海中教授在1987年发表的论文《关于英语中till及until的用法问题》中却指出：当助动词shall和will用于till(until)-从句时，它们不是表示将来时间，而是表示情态意义。他用实例说明这种用法：

I won't leave you till you shall be well taken care of. (C. Dickens: Little Dorrit)

Those are as fixed as fate; and my voyage is only now delayed until the weather shall permit my embarkation. (M. Shelley: Frankenstein)

Then the lovely pale-lilac irises will come out in all their showering abundance of tender, proud, spiky bloom, till the air wi11 gleam with mauve, and a new crystalline lightness will be everywhere. (D. Lawrence: Phoenix)[1] 

典型例题

1． You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

A. had met　B. have met　C. met　D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。

2．---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh,not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been　B. had been　C. was　D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

1） 概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前　那时　现在

2） 用法

a.　在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had ever been to Paris.

她说她曾去过巴黎

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.

当警察赶到时，小偷已经跑了

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"

We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.

那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有

3)　过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

他说他以前学过一些英语

By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.

在他十二岁的时候，爱迪生就开始自己谋生了

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了，大多数客人都当他到达晚会离开

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written,left　B，were writing,has left　C. had written,had left　D. were writing,had left

答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此

前一句应用过去进行时。

注意：　had no … when　还没等…… 就……

had no sooner… than　刚…… 就……

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

一般过去时代替完成时

1)　两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.

当她看到老鼠，她尖叫

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

我的阿姨给了我一顶帽子，我把它弄丢了

2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。

When I heard the news,I was very excited.

当我听到这个消息，我很兴奋

3)　叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

我们的老师告诉我们，哥伦布1492年发现美国

1) 构成will / be going to do sth.

2) 概念

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.

他们已经结婚20年之后

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

明天这个时候你已经到达上海

现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you：我们都在等着你

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel：格林先生正在写另一本小说

(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

She is learning piano under Mr. Smith：她是史密斯先生的指导下学习钢琴

c. 表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。

The leaves are turning red：树叶变红了

It's getting warmer and warmer：天气变得越来越暖和

d. 与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind：你总是改变主意

典型例题

My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost,don't find　B. is missing,don't find　C. has lost,haven't found　D. is missing,haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

不用进行时的动词

1) 事实状态的动词

have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue

I have two brothers：我有两个哥哥

This house belongs to my sister：这房子是我姐的

2) 心理状态的动词

Know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need, forget, prefer,mean,understand,love,hate

I need your help：我需要帮助

He loves her very much：他非常爱她

3 ) 瞬间动词

accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.

I accept your advice：我接受你的建议

4) 系动词

seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn

You seem a little tired：你看起来有一些累

1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。

3) 常用的时间状语

this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

我的哥哥在骑车时摔倒了，伤了自己

It was raining when they left the station.

他们离开车站的时候正在下雨

When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.

当我到达山顶时，阳光明媚

典型例题

1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. made　B. is making　C. was making　D. makes

答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同　时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。

2) As she ___ the newspaper,Granny ___ asleep.

read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when,while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。

1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。

She'll be coming soon.

她很快会回来

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

我会在未来的某个时候遇见他

注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

2）常用的时间状语

Soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this time，tomorrow，in two days,tomorrow evening

By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach.

明天此时，我正躺在海滩上

一般现在时代替将来时

时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时

When，while，before，after，till，once，as soon as，so long as，by the time，if，in case (that)，unless，even if，whether，the moment，the minute，the day，the year，immediately

He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.

他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

一般现在时代替过去时

1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。

The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.

报纸上说明天会很冷的。

2) 叙述往事，使其生动。

Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

拿破仑的军队现在进展和大战开始了

一般现在时代替完成时

1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：

hear，tell，learn，write，understand，forget，know，find，say，remember.

I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

我听说他要去伦敦

I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

我忘了他多少岁

2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"

It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

自从我们上次见面以来已经有五年了

一般现在时代替进行时

1) 句型：Here comes… ；There goes…

Look,here comes Mr. Li：看，李先生来了

现在进行时代替将来时

1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。

Are you staying with us this weekend： 这周和我们一起度周末吗？

We are leaving soon：我们马上就走。

2) 渐变动词，如：get，run，grow，become，begin 及die。

He is dying：他快死了

1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。

At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.

在那个时候，人们不知道地球是移动的

He told me last week that he is eighteen.

上星期他告诉我，他是十八

2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought,need,must,dare 时态是不变的。

He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

他认为我不必告诉你真相

时间状语

一般现在时：every …，sometimes,　at …，on Sunday,

一般过去时：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982,just now

一般将来时：next…，tomorrow,in+时间，

现在完成时：for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,recently

过去完成时：before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as

过去进行时：this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from nine to ten last evening… when,while

将来进行时：soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening

英语的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态中主语是动作的执行者，被动语态中主语是动作的承受者。在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者一般由介词 by 引起的短语来表示。如：

They always help you. 他们总是帮助你。（主动）

You are always helped by them 你总是被他们帮助。（被动）

在主动语态中，主语后面接人（be +动词原型）

被动语态（be+动词过去分词）

 https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

在主动语态中，主语是谓语动词的使动方。

在被动语态中，主语是谓语动词的受动方。

在语法结构上，主动语态和被动语态的区别主要在于，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上施加时态和其他语法；

而被动语态则使用系词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态和其他语法也施加在系词上。

举例：

1.主动语态：The snowslide killed him. 雪崩害死了他。

被动语态：He was killed by the snowslide. 他死于雪崩。

2.主动语态：We use electricity to run machines. 我们用电力来开动机器。

被动语态：Electricity is used to run machines. 电力被我们用来开动机器。

3.主动语态：Bell invented the telephone in 1876.贝尔于1876年发明了电话。

被动语态：The telephone was invented by Bell in1876.电话是贝尔于1876年发明的。

主动语态是表示主语是谓语动作的使动方的语态。在主动语态中，谓语的动作源自主语，而施加于宾语。

相反，在被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的受动方。

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…

The book sells well. 这本书销路好。

This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2)blame, lent(出租), remain, keep, rent, build

I was to blame for the accident. 我对这起事故负责。

Much work remains. 还有大量工作要做。

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。

The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门需要修了。

This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。

This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

有时被动语态不能转换为主动语态。这主要有下列几种情况：

1.中国著名学者周海中先生在1986年发表的《英语语态转换简论》（下篇）一文中指出,某些句子结构习惯上只用被动语态,这时就不能转换为主动语态。例如：

All bodies are made up of atoms.

The old man’s race of life was nearly run.

这种被动结构还有be alleged, be bound up with, be done up, be grown over, be knocked up, be held up, be inclined, be lost on, be obliged to, be posted, be rumored to, be said to, be transported, be wound up等。

2.以代词it作形式主语的被动句，一般不能转换为主动句。例如：

It is known that sound is a form of energy.

It is observed that the situation of the country is getting better and better.

3.当被动句的施动者没有表示出来时,不能转换为主动句。例如：

Albert Einstein was born in 1879.

Manfred was killed in the Second World War.

如果改成主动句时加上一个施动者(如they, someone等),就会有损原句的意思。

被动语态由“be+动词的过去分词”构成，不及物动词没有被动语态。在不同的时态中，助动词 be 有不同的形式。

在英语中，被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍，但大多数句子都使用主动语态。被动语态在英语中极为重要。许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。

一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动语态。需要注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意：那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态，而是主系表结构。

还有些特殊现象，如：“known to me的意思，英语却应该用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动语态往往由“by”引出，而有用介词“by on foot”步行（美国人有时用“by foot”），“in carriage”（乘四轮马车）等等。

还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数对全面掌握被动语态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。

要明确“将来进行无被动，现在完成时进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。

另外，不及物动词带有同原宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂。

下面口诀就以动词“do”为例，即“do、did”过去式 “done”过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态。一定对你有所启示。 当然了，被动语态也可以概括为“be done”。也就是“be+过去分词”。

主动语态

被动语态

一般现在时

①am/is/are②do/does(V./V.s)

am/is/are+done(V. p.p)

一般将来时

will/be going to/be (about)to+do(V.)

will+be+done(V. p.p)

一般过去时

①was/were②did(V.-ed)

was/were+done(V. p.p)

现在进行时

am/is/are+doing(V.-ing)

am/is/are+being+done(V. p.p)

过去进行时

was/were+doing(V.-ing)

was/were+being+done(V.p.p)

现在完成时

have/has+done(V. p.p.)

have/has+been+done(V. p.p)

过去完成时

had+done(V. p.p.)

had+been+done(V. p.p.)

情态动词

情态动词+V.

情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)

过去将来时

would/should +V.

would/should be + done(V. p.p.)

主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的执行者。

（1）助动词be+及物动词的过去分词、

（2）情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词

现以动词ask为例，将一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态列表如下

肯定式

否定式

疑问式

一般现在时

I am asked..

He/she is asked...

We/you/they are asked...

I am not asked...

He/She is not asked...

We/you/they are not asked...

Am I asked...?

Is he/she asked...？

Are we/you/they asked...？

一般过去时

I was asked...

He/She was asked ...

We/you/they were asked...

I was not asked...

He/Shewas not asked...

We/you/they were not asked

Was I asked...？

Was he/she asked...?

Were we/you/they asked...?

被动语态常用于陈述事实，一般用在科技文章或新闻报道中。

一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。

完成时态have（has）done，被动将been加中间。

一般将来shall（will）do，被动变do为be done。

将来进行无被动，shall（will）be doing。

现在完成时，被动 have（has）been done。

现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。

一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。

复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。

第二句“be有人称、时、数变” 即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。

“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must，may，can，shall，will”等一律随新主语（多是主动句中的宾语）来变化。

“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。

下面详细举例说明之：

主动语态变为被动语态例句：

一般现在时：

主：We believe him.

被：He is believed by us.

一般过去时：

主：He bought his children some pens.

被：Some pens were bought for his children by him.

一般将来时：

主：Everyone will know the truth soon .

被：The truth will be known by everyone.

现在进行时：

主：Mary is making a doll.

被：A doll is being made by Mary.

过去进行时：

主：They were carrying the hurt player.

被：The hurt player was being carried by them .

现在完成时：

主：He has received the letter.

被：The letter has been received by him.

过去完成时：

主：They had built ten bridges.

被：Ten bridges had been built by them

例：

1、主动：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.

被动：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.

孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。

2、主动：People regard him as brilliant.

被动：He is regarded as brilliant by people.

人们认为他很有才华。

以上两例都是一般时态用“be done”的事例，be有人称、时、数变，第三人称“foreign friends”是复数，时态一般过去时，所以“be done”就是“were given”，而“People regard him as brilliant”一句，被动后的“be done”就变成单数第三人称“is regarded”的形式了。

被动：

This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. （“was delivered”即为一般过去时的被动态）

这是王同志的讲演。

There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.

边境发生非常严重列车事故，两人死亡，十二人受伤。

A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.

直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。

A note was passed up to the speaker.

有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。

John was elected president of the class instead of Harry.

乔治被选为班长来代替亨利。

Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct.

火山被叫做活火山，休眠火山，或者死火山。

The soldier was killed, but the train was saved.

这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。

He was thought to be clever but dishonest.

他被认为很聪明但不诚实。

The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874.

美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。

Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents.

家庭总是被拆散，丈夫失去妻子，父母失去孩子。

The information is urgently needed.

急需这个资料。

Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past.

多数环境污染问题的存在是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施。

“have done”，被动将“been”加中间。

（过去完成时“had done”也包括在内）。

例：

1、主动：We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.

被动：English has been studied by us for 3 years at the spare-time school.（“have”随新主语变为“has”）

我们已经在夜校里学了三年英语了。

2、主动：They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.

被动：100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.

到去年年底他们已生产出一百台拖拉机。

3、主动：They have set up a power station in their home town.

被动：A power station has been set up in their home town.

他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。

4、主动：They have warned us to be careful of rats.

被动：We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.

他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。

5、主动：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.

被动： Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.

人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。

6、主动：We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity.

被动：Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity by us.

核能被我们用来发电。

7、主动：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.

被动：He has never been beaten at tennis.

就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。

（“No one”涉及到全否定和部分否定问题，见否定一讲）

The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired.

有枪的人可能会试图否认他开了枪。但是任何看到枪冒的烟的人都会知道他刚才开了枪。

Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Bob.

今天是西丽亚的新婚日，她刚刚和鲍勃结婚。

The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee.

演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目。

过去完成时也是一样：

主动：Somebody had cleaned my shoes.

被动：My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.

有人已把我的鞋子擦了。

主动：When I returned I found that they had towed (tow) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign".

被动：My car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that...it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign".

当我回来时，发现我的车被拖走了。我问他们为什么这么干。他们告诉我说因为我把车停在“禁止停车”的区域。

主动：They had build three ships by last December.

被动：By last December three ships had been built by them.

到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。

Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created.

合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改进天然建筑材料上。

He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined.

他并没有说那些钢管是否都检验过。

After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials.

塑料发明之后，工程师们在材料选择上有了更广阔的途径。

“shall(will) do”，被动变“do”为“be done”

即由“shall do”或“will do”变为“shall done”或“will be done”。

例：主动：We shall build several big modern power plants in our city.

被动：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city.

我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。

（“shall do”中的“shall”要随新主语变为“will”，“do”要变为“be done”。）

主动：I shall send my second boy to school next September.

被动：My second boy will be sent to school next September.

过年九月我将送我次子去读书。

主动：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold.

被动：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by swindlers.

砖块外面会被骗子们镀上一层金来做这样的“金砖”。

主动：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.

被动：You will be asked a lot of strange questions by them.

他们将问你许多怪题。

被动句中的“by”引出的宾语，一般说来，如果是人称代词你、我、他等，均可省略，“someone no one”不由“by”来引出。如果是名词不能省略，但当今英语也都可省略了。

主动：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.

被动：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.

中国人民在未来将进行更多的太空探索。

同样：

After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 电池使用一段时间后，应该更换。

Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是整天供电的，但是明天早晨将会停电。

More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在将来会发现更多的和平利用核爆炸的途径。

More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 为了在短时间内实现这个奇迹，从现在开始需要做更多工作。

The machine will not be used again. 这机器不能再用了。

Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤气吗？

但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢？请记下面口诀：

一般过去将来时，过去某时将发生。

主动“should（would）”“do”，被动“be done”代原形。

将来进行无被动，现在完成时同。

主动：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.

被动：whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.

几天前，我们还不能肯定能否应该提前执行新的计划。

主动：I did not say that we would change the equipment.

被动：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.

我并没说过我们将换掉那台设备。

主动：My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago.

被动：My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days ago.

几天前，我的导师说他将对我进行个别辅导。

主动：I never thought that he would bring me the information so early.

被动：I never thought that the information would be brought to me by him so early.

我没想到他那么早就会把资料带给我。

将来进行时无被动，shall（will）be doing，

现在完成时同。have（has）been doing，

即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行，现在完成时表示某一行为发生在过去。

例；We hope your company will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. （将来进行时）我们希望贵公司早些派一名工程师来检查这台设备。

In a few minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere.（将来进行时）几分钟后我们的客机将在同温层中飞行。

We hope scientists will be tapping new energy sources to meet the need for power. 我们希望科学家们将发掘新的能源来满足能量的需要。（将来进行时）

What will you be doing this evening? 今晚你将做什么？（将来进行时）

I have been living in Anshan Since 1980.（现在完成时）1980年以来，我一直住在鞍山。https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

How long have you been studying English? 你学英语多久了？（现在完成时）

We have been waiting at the airport for the because of the thick fog. 由于大雾，我们已经在机场等了一整天了。（现在完成时）

Since then, applied mathematicians have been coping successfully with many problems in astronomy. 从那时以来，应用数学家成功地处理了许多天文学上的问题。

（现在完成时）以上均无被动态。

现在进行时或过去进行时都是“be”的人称、时和数的形式加“doing”。而被动态则是“be”加上“being done”的形式，“being”是不变的。现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态的重点，容易搞错。

例如：

主动：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.

被动：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.

工人们正在维修东北工学院主楼。

Two reservoirs are being built at the same time. 两座水库同时建造。

The nasty question is being considered by the committee members. 委员会的委员们正在考虑那个棘手的问题.

Equipment and foodstuffs are being flown to the flood stricken areas. 设备和食品正在被空运到灾区。

The building of another fly-over is being planned. 他们在计划修建另一座跨线桥。

We could not get through because the 19th Road was being repaired. 我们过不去，因为一九路正维修呢。

情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。

带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化，这些词如“can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need（需要）;have to（不得不）;be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。

 https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

例如：

主动：We must keep this in mind.

被动：This must be kept in mind.

我们必须把这个记在心里。

主动：We can put the refrigerator in that place.

被动：The refrigerator can be put in that place.

我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。

主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.

被动：The washing machine will not be used again.

我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。 原来的谓语“shall use”被动态中随新主语变为“will”。

主动：We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.

被动：More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion. （“shall”变“will”）

我们将采取更多的措施来防止腐蚀。

I ought to be criticized for it. 我应该为此受到批评。

All this has to be solved with great care. 这一切得认真解决。

The lobby is going to be rebuilt. 门厅将被重建。

The exhibition is to be opened tomorrow. 展览会将在明日开放。

“may”加不定式的完成体或完成进行体表示“可能”，主要用于肯定句，决不能用在疑问句中。

而“can”与不定式的完成体或完成进行体连用表示“可能”，只用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句。

但如果“can”或“may”的过去式即“could”与“might”与不定式完成体或完成进行体搭配时，可用于各种结构。肯、否、陈、疑，均可。

It can't have been lost in the post, can it?

它不可能是在邮局丢失的吧：（反意疑问句）

否定助后加“not”，疑问一助置主前。

在否定句的被动态中，否定副词“not”一定加在第一助动词之后，不放在别的助动词之后。同样在疑问句的被动态中，第一助动词置于主语之前。

例：Why has（一助）not anything been（二助）done to end the strike?

“not”必须放在第一助动词“has”之后，第一助动词“has”必须放在主语“anything”之前。决不可写成： why has not been anything done to end the strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike?

为什么不采取些措施来结束罢工呢？

The exercise will not be done in class.

不可写成：The exercise will be not done in class.

我们将不在课堂上作练习。

In what other way could（一助）information about Mars be（二助）obtained?

用什么别的途径能获得火星的资料呢？

Why had he been imprisoned?

他为什么入狱？

Need she be told about it?

需要告诉他吗？

主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前

凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时，后面要用陈述语序。

例：What（主语）could be dropped from a satellite?

什么东西会被从卫星上扔下？

What measures（主语）are being taken to develop this new science?（主语为疑问词“what”所修饰）

什么措施正在被采取以发展这门新的科技？

What kind of device（主语）is needed to make the control system simple?（主语为疑问词所修饰）

需要什么装置来使控制系统简化？

What has been done to improve the techniques?

什么措施已经被采取以改进这些技术？（“what”是句子的主语）

应指出的是有的学生把We study diligently和She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行变成被动了，殊不知不及物动词通常是没有被动态的。关于不及物动词、反身代词动词、同源宾语动词、系词、感官使役动词、短语动词的被动态。

1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语

2、把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。

3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。

4、其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。

含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，分别表示“能够被……”，“可以被……”，“必须被……”，“需要被……“，应该被……”等。

掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。

（一） 一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。

如： Must this work be done at once？这项工作必须立即完成吗？

Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？

（二） 特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。

如： When must this work be done？这工作必须在什么时候完成？

Where can the lost book be found？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？

（三） 反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。

如： This bridge can be built next year，can't it？这座桥能建成，是吗？

This book shouldn't be taken out of the library，should it？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？

（四） 否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。

如：This work needn't be done at once．这项工作没必要立即做。

This dustbin shouldn't be put here．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。

含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。

如： —Should my exercises be finished today？我的作业应在今天完成吗？

—Yes，they should．是的，应在今天完成。 （No，they shouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。）

—Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？

—Yes，it must．是的，必须立即上交。 （No，it needn't．不，不必立即上交。）

—Need he be operated on at once？他必须立即手术吗？

—Yes，he must．是的，他必须。 （No，he needn't．不，他不必。）

1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：

appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.

After the fire, very little remained of my house.

比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。

（错）The price has been risen.

（对）The price has risen.

（错）The accident was happened last week.

（对）The accident happened last week.

（错）The price has raised.

（对）The price has been raised.

（错）Please seat.

（对）Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。

2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to

This key just fits the lock.

3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）：

appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

It sounds good.

4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：

die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night.

5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。

（对）She likes to swim.

（错）To swim is liked by her.

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

I am asked to study hard by my mother.

Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

The new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

There are two books to be read. →

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

1.不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

构成

be+done.

在用于被动结构时，有些动词可以带双宾语。

在这种情况下，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；

直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to, etc.。

即：S+V+IO+DO→IO+ be done +DO→DO+ be done + prep. +IO

g. 1) My uncle gave me a gifton on my birthday.

→I was given a gifton on my birthday.

→A gift was given to me on my birthday.

We often hear him play the guitar.

→He is often heard toplay the guitar.

→It is often heard from him to play the guitar.

Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。

如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。

How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？

周海中教授在论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+过去分词的被动语态是一种新兴的被动语态形式；相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词构成的被动语态那么广泛，一般限于口语和非正式书面语；但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势，是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。

有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。

例如：

We heard him singing in his room just now.

-He was heard to sing in his room just now.

刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。

need doing something也表示被动

被动语态的构成形式

被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

1 am/is/are +done (过去分词)一般现在时

Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2 has /have been done现在完成时

All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3 am/is /are being done现在进行时

A new cinema is being built here．

4 was/were done一般过去时

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5 had been done过去完成时

By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6 was/were being done过去进行时

A meeting was being held when I was there.

7 shall/will be done一般将来时

Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8 should/would be done过去将来时

The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9 shall/will have been done将来完成时（少用）

The project will have been completed before July.

10 should/would have been done过去将来完成时（少用）

He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

被动语态的特殊结构形式

1 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。

The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。

I don't like being laughed at in the public.

如何使用被动语态

学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。

1 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。

My bike was stolen last night.

2 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3 为了更好地安排句子。

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.（一个主语就够了）

It is said that+从句及其他类似句型

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有：

It is said that…据说……

It is reported that…据报道……

It is believed that…大家相信……

It is hoped that…大家希望……

It is well-known that…众所周知……

It is thought that…大家认为……

It is suggested that…据建议……

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）

谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1 英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。

This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。　试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）

The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）

2 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。

How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？

3 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。

Your reason sounds reasonable.

非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义

在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义

1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。

The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。

2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。

The picture-book is well worth reading．（=The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）

3 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)　试比较：

I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)

4 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。　例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.

5 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。

This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。　例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。）

7 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

Who is to blame for starting the fire?

介词in，on等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义

表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

1 “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。

The building is under construction( is being constructed).

2 “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。

The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．

3 “above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。

His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．

4 “for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。

That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).

5 “in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。

The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)

   1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

　 2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

　 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

　 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

1）can　could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。

　 They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to

　 a. 位于助动词后。

　 b. 情态动词后。

　 c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

　 d. 用于句首表示条件。

　 e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。

　　　 He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.

　　  = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意：could不表示时态

1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。

　　 --- Could I have the television on?

　　 --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。

　　　　 He couldn't be a bad man.　　　　　 他不大可能是坏人。

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。

　　　　 May God bless you!

　　　　 He might be at home.

注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。

　　　 If that is the case, we may as well try.

典型例题

　 Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.

　 A. must　　B. may　 C. can　 D. will

　答案B. 表可能性只能用may.　此句意可从后半句推出。

1)　两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。

　　 My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.　我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)

　　 He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）

2)　have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3） 在否定结构中： don't have to　 表示"不必"

　　　　　　　　　　 mustn't　　　　表示 "禁止"，

　　 You don't have to tell him about it.　 你不一定要把此事告诉他。

　　 You mustn't tell him about it.　　　　你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。

2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

　　　 You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.　 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）

　　　 He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

　比较：

　　　 He must be staying there.　

　　　 他现在肯定呆在那里。

　　　 He must stay there.

　　　 他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

　　 I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。

　　 ---Why didn't you answer my phone call?

　　 ---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

5) 否定推测用can't。

　　 If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：

1）情态动词+动词原形: 　表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。

　　 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.

2）情态动词+动词现在进行时: 　　表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

　　 At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.　　这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3）情态动词+动词完成时: 　　表示对过去情况的推测。

　　 We would have finished this work by the end of next December.

　　 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。

　　 The road is wet. It must have rained last night.

　 　地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时： 　　表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。

　　 Your mother must have been looking for you.

　　 你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

　　 Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.

　　 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。

　　 Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

　　 Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2)　must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。

　 ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.

　 ---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth

　　本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示 "不该做某事而做了"。

　　 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.

　　 He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）

　　 ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth　 本没必要做某事

　　 I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I　needn't have done so. The weather was hot.

5) would like to have done sth　 本打算做某事　

　　 I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

 should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。

　　 ---Ought he to go?

　　 ---Yes. I think he ought to.

　　表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

 had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。

　　 had better do sth

　　 had better not do sth

　　 It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.

　　 She'd better not play with the dog.

　　 had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为 "本来最好"。

　　 You had better have come earlier.

would rather do

　 would rather not do

　 would rather… than…　 宁愿……而不愿。

　还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示 "宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。

　 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.

　 I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.

典型例题

----Shall we go skating or stay at home?

----Which ___ do?　　　　　

A. do you rather　　B. would you rather　 C. will you rather　 D. should you rather

答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。https://www.cndba.cn/2016zyh/article/1688

 注意：

　 1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。

　　 Would you like to go with me?

　 2）Will you…?　Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。

　　 Would you like some cake?

　 3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。

　　 Won't you sit down?

　 问句　　　肯定回答　　　　否定回答

Need you…?　　Yes, I must.　　　No,I needn't

Must you…?　　　　　　　　　　　/don't have to.

典型例题

1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?

　　 ---Yes, of course, you____.　

　 A. might　B. will　 C. can　 D. should

　 答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。

2）---Shall I tell John about it?

　　 ---No, you ___. I've told him already.　　

　 A. needn't　　B. wouldn't　　C. mustn't　　D. shouldn't

　 答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't　不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。

3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.

　　 ---______.

　　 A. I don't　 B.　I won't　 C. I can't　D. I haven't

　　答案B.　will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表 "意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。

  带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：

　 Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?

　 She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.

　 You ought not to have told her all about it.

　 Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

　 ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。

典型例题

　 Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.　

　 A.have told　B.tell　C.be telling　D. having told

　答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用have。

这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。

1) 实义动词： need　（需要, 要求）

　　　　　　　 need + n. / to do sth

2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。

　　 Need you go yet?

　　 Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.

3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：　

　　 need doing = need to be done

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