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2024-06-14 15:55| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

英语诗歌里的" 节”、“行”和“音节”

已有 14402 次阅读 2014-7-31 21:19 |个人分类:On Culture|系统分类:诗词雅集| 潘学峰, 英语诗歌

英语诗歌里的" 节”、“行”和“音节”

英语诗歌的" 节”、“行”和“音节”决定了一种诗歌的“格式”（form）。

英语诗歌的“节”和“行”

在英语诗歌里， “节”（Stanza)类似于散文中的“段落”，是由相似内容的语句以行的形式呈现，行内有元音数目限制，行末含有“韵律”词。

“节”一般被视为一首诗的一个亚单位，一般情况下，一首诗至少由两节组成，当然，有的诗可以含有很多节。一般而言，诗歌的“节”规范了诗歌的格式/形式。

英语诗歌的“行”

英语诗歌中的节所含有的行数(line)不同，大多数情况下节内的行数相同或相当，比如，如果一节内含有四行，那么就成为“四行诗”（Quatrains)，“4行”类似于中国律诗中的“绝句”（五言或七言,4行，押韵）,比较著名的是莎士比亚的十四行诗（还有意大利的版式），十四行诗（Sonnet)由4节组成，前三节各含有4行，末节则含两行，因此总共由14行组成；与此类似的还有非常固定的形式，比如“六节诗”（sestina)，每首6节，每节6行，另外附加3行，共39行。

英语诗歌的“节”不但在形式上相对独立，其内容和韵律也可以相对独立

英语诗歌的“行”中的“音节”

英语诗歌每一行中含有的“音节”（meter)个数是有规定的,所谓音节是指口语的一个单位，由一个不间断的音构成。该音可由一个元音、双元音和单音节辅音单独构成，也可由一个或多个辅音在前面提到的语音的任一个后面或前面与其共同构成。如果一行内含有5个音节，则为“五音节”（ pentameter），6个音节则为“hexameter”，以此类推。

比如：以下为3音节的诗句

When here // the spring // we see,Fresh green // upon // the tree.

如果一首诗歌含有3个节，每节4行（行末押韵，行间可押同韵A，也可以押不同的韵B，也可以在行中押韵），1行含有4个音节，2行含有5个音节...等等，那么这首英文诗歌的格式（Form) 则为，3节，4行，AA..押韵，音节为45...

比如雪莱的诗

Hymn to Intellectual Beauty7节，每节音节（meter) 555564444445; 每节押韵ABBAACCBDDEEA:1Power,4flower,5shower; B:2visiting,3wing,8evening;C:6glance,7countenance; D:9 spread,10 fled; E:11 be, 12 mystery

By Percy Bysshe Shelley

1节

The awful shadow of some unseen Power Floats though unseen among us; visiting This various world with as inconstant wing As summer winds that creep from flower to flower; Like moonbeams that behind some piny mountain shower, It visits with inconstant glance Each human heart and countenance; Like hues and harmonies of evening, Like clouds in starlight widely spread, Like memory of music fled, Like aught that for its grace may be Dear, and yet dearer for its mystery. 第2节押韵形式依然是ABBAACCBDDEE Spirit of BEAUTY, that dost consecrate With thine own hues all thou dost shine upon Of human thought or form, where art thou gone? Why dost thou pass away and leave our state, This dim vast vale of tears, vacant and desolate? Ask why the sunlight not for ever Weaves rainbows o'er yon mountain-river, Why aught should fail and fade that once is shown, Why fear and dream and death and birth Cast on the daylight of this earth Such gloom, why man has such a scope For love and hate, despondency and hope? 3节第3节押韵形式依然是ABBAACCBDDEENo voice from some sublimer world hath ever To sage or poet these responses given: Therefore the names of Demon, Ghost, and Heaven, Remain the records of their vain endeavour: Frail spells whose utter'd charm might not avail to sever, From all we hear and all we see, Doubt, chance and mutability. Thy light alone like mist o'er mountains driven, Or music by the night-wind sent Through strings of some still instrument, Or moonlight on a midnight stream, Gives grace and truth to life's unquiet dream. 4节Love, Hope, and Self-esteem, like clouds depart And come, for some uncertain moments lent. Man were immortal and omnipotent, Didst thou, unknown and awful as thou art, Keep with thy glorious train firm state within his heart. Thou messenger of sympathies, That wax and wane in lovers' eyes; Thou, that to human thought art nourishment, Like darkness to a dying flame! Depart not as thy shadow came, Depart not―lest the grave should be, Like life and fear, a dark reality. 5节While yet a boy I sought for ghosts, and sped Through many a listening chamber, cave and ruin, And starlight wood, with fearful steps pursuing Hopes of high talk with the departed dead. I call'd on poisonous names with which our youth is fed; I was not heard; I saw them not; When musing deeply on the lot Of life, at that sweet time when winds are wooing All vital things that wake to bring News of birds and blossoming, Sudden, thy shadow fell on me; I shriek'd, and clasp'd my hands in ecstasy! 6节I vow'd that I would dedicate my powers To thee and thine: have I not kept the vow? With beating heart and streaming eyes, even now I call the phantoms of a thousand hours Each from his voiceless grave: they have in vision'd bowers Of studious zeal or love's delight Outwatch'd with me the envious night: They know that never joy illum'd my brow Unlink'd with hope that thou wouldst free This world from its dark slavery, That thou, O awful LOVELINESS, Wouldst give whate'er these words cannot express. 7节The day becomes more solemn and serene When noon is past; there is a harmony In autumn, and a lustre in its sky, Which through the summer is not heard or seen, As if it could not be, as if it had not been! Thus let thy power, which like the truth Of nature on my passive youth Descended, to my onward life supply Its calm, to one who worships thee, And every form containing thee, Whom, SPIRIT fair, thy spells did bind To fear himself, and love all human kind.

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