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瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术治疗四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤

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Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2019 Dec; 33(12): 1532–1537. Chinese. doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201811053PMCID: PMC8355796PMID: 31823553

Language: Chinese | English

瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术治疗四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤Application of pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities昊 吴, 汉华 吴,* and 茂林 贺昊 吴

广西医科大学第一附属医院脊柱骨病外科(南宁 530021), Department of Spine & Osteopathy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China

Find articles by 昊 吴汉华 吴

广西医科大学第一附属医院脊柱骨病外科(南宁 530021), Department of Spine & Osteopathy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China

Find articles by 汉华 吴茂林 贺

广西医科大学第一附属医院脊柱骨病外科(南宁 530021), Department of Spine & Osteopathy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China

Find articles by 茂林 贺Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer 广西医科大学第一附属医院脊柱骨病外科(南宁 530021), Department of Spine & Osteopathy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, 530021, P.R.China 汉华 吴: moc.361@2110auhnahuw 吴汉华,Email: moc.361@2110auhnahuwReceived 2018 Nov 12; Revised 2019 Sep 18Copyright 版权所有©《中国修复重建外科杂志》编辑部 2019Copyright ©2019 Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery. All rights reserved.Abstract目的

探讨瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术治疗四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤的疗效。

方法

2012 年 2 月—2016 年 6 月,采用瘤段骨切除、体外巴氏法灭活后回植治疗 13 例四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤患者。其中男 8 例,女 5 例;年龄 11~27 岁,平均 17.4 岁。肿瘤位于肱骨中上段 2 例,股骨中上段 2 例,股骨中下段 6 例,胫骨中上段 2 例,胫骨中段 1 例。Enneking 分期:ⅠB 期 3 例,ⅡA 期 5 例,ⅡB 期 5 例。病理诊断:骨肉瘤 11 例、软骨肉瘤 2 例。病程 3~8 个月,平均 4.8 个月。瘤段骨长度为 8~16 cm,平均 12.5 cm。术后定期随访,评估灭活骨状态及并发症,采用肌肉骨骼肿瘤学会评分系统(MSTS-93)评估肢体功能。

结果

13 例患者均获随访,随访时间 26~79 个月,平均 50.5 个月。11 例患者无瘤生存;2 例因局部软组织复发行截肢术,其中 1 例截肢术后因肺部转移死亡。所有患者均无骨吸收、短缩、内固定障碍并发症发生。4 例截骨端不愈合,其中 3 例以自体髂骨植骨后愈合,1 例保守治疗观察。干骺端截骨端愈合时间为 10~15 个月,平均 12.6 个月,愈合率 90.9%(10/11);骨干截骨端愈合时间为 12~21 个月,平均 17.0 个月,愈合率 72.7%(8/11);截骨端总愈合率 81.8%(18/22)。术后 1 例发生灭活骨骨折、1 例发生切口裂开并感染。末次随访时,患肢功能 MSTS-93 评分为 21~28 分,平均 25.3 分。

结论

对于四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤,瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术是一种简便、经济、有效的保肢术式。

Keywords: 原发性恶性骨肿瘤, 巴氏法, 灭活骨, 保肢手术AbstractObjective

To assess the effectiveness of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation in treatment of primary malignant bone tumor of extremities.

Methods

Between February 2012 and June 2016, 13 patients with primary malignant bone tumor of extremities were treated with pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation after extensive excision. There were 8 males and 5 females, aged from 11 to 27 years, with an average of 17.4 years. Tumors were located at the mid-upper humerus in 2 cases, the mid-upper femur in 2 cases, the mid-lower femur in 6 cases, the mid-upper tibia in 2 cases, and the middle tibia in 1 case. According to Enneking staging system, 3 patients were classified as stage ⅠB, 5 patients as stage ⅡA, and 5 patients as stage ⅡB. There were 11 cases of osteosarcoma and 2 cases of chondrosarcoma. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 8 months, with an average of 4.8 months. The length of the tumor-bearing bone ranged from 8 to 16 cm, with an average of 12.5 cm. Postoperative follow-up was conducted regularly to evaluate the status of inactivated bone and complications. The limb function was assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 (MSTS-93) scoring system.

Results

All 13 patients were followed up 26-79 months, with an average of 50.5 months. Eleven patients survived without tumors. Two patients had local soft tissue recurrence and underwent amputation, 1 had lung metastasis after amputation and died. All patients had no complications of bone resorption, shortening, and internal fixation disorder. The nonunion of osteotomy occurred in 4 cases. Among them, 3 cases were successfully healed after autologous iliac bone grafting, and 1 case was treated conservatively. The healing time of metaphyseal osteotomy end was 10-15 months (mean, 12.6 months), the healing rate was 90.9% (10/11); the healing time of diaphyseal osteotomy end was 12-21 months (mean, 17.0 months), the healing rate was 72.7% (8/11); and the total healing rate of osteotomy end was 81.8% (18/22). One case had inactivated bone fracture and 1 case had incision dehiscence and infection after operation. At last follow-up, the MSTS-93 score of affected limb ranged from 21 to 28, with an average of 25.3.

Conclusion

The procedure of the pasteurized tumor-bearing bone replantation is an effective, simple, and economic way in repair of massive segmental bone defect to save limb function for primary malignant bone tumor of extremities.

Keywords: Primary malignant bone tumor, pasteurization, inactivated bone, limb salvage procedure

20 世纪 70 年代以来,随着新辅助化疗、放疗的出现,影像学技术的进步,外科技术的提高,新型材料科学的发展,恶性骨肿瘤患者保肢术后长期生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率与截肢手术相比已无显著差别,而且还有更好的肢体功能和生活质量。因此,保肢手术已成为目前治疗肢体恶性骨肿瘤的主要术式[1-3]。恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术有两个关键步骤,即广泛完整切除肿瘤组织以及修复重建软组织、骨组织缺损。目前大段骨组织缺损重建方式较多,主要包括机械学重建(如肿瘤假体置换术[4])、生物学重建(如大段同种异体骨移植术[5]、瘤段骨切除灭活回植术[6-10]等)以及复合重建[11]。其中瘤段骨切除灭活回植术应用广泛,常用灭活方式有巴氏法灭活[9-10]、液氮灭活[6]、体外射线灭活[6]、乙醇灭活[7]、高温灭活[8]等。研究表明,巴氏法灭活瘤段骨后,骨组织中 BMP 和成骨细胞保留较多,有利于灭活骨再生修复,减少生物学重建相关并发症发生[12-13]。2012 年 2 月—2016 年 6 月,我们采用瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术治疗 13 例四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤患者,现总结患者临床资料,探讨该方法用于原发性恶性骨肿瘤的适应证及预后。报告如下。

1. 临床资料1.1. 一般资料

纳入标准:① 病灶位于四肢长骨骨干、干骺端;②MRI 示肿瘤未侵犯主要血管、神经、骺板;③ 无远处转移病灶的原发性恶性骨肿瘤;④ 成骨性、混合型骨肿瘤,累及范围不超过 1/2 骨皮质的溶骨性骨肿瘤;⑤ 患者预期生存期较长,术后保持良好的肢体功能;⑥ 患者及家属要求行保肢手术。

本组男 8 例,女 5 例;年龄 11~27 岁,平均 17.4 岁。左侧 6 例,右侧 7 例。肿瘤位于肱骨中上段 2 例,股骨中上段 2 例,股骨中下段 6 例,胫骨中上段 2 例,胫骨中段 1 例。Enneking 分期[14]:ⅠB 期 3 例,ⅡA 期 5 例,ⅡB 期 5 例。所有患者术前行病灶穿刺活检或局部病灶切除标本的石蜡切片明确病理诊断,其中骨肉瘤 11 例、软骨肉瘤 2 例。病程 3~8 个月,平均 4.8 个月。

1.2. 治疗方法

1.2.1. 术前准备

所有患者行胸部 X 线片、胸部 CT、全身核素骨扫描,排除肺部、骨转移;行患肢正侧位 X 线片、CT、MRI 检查,评估肿瘤部位、累及范围及与周围软组织结构(特别是血管神经束)的关系,确定肿瘤切除边界。骨肉瘤患者行 2 个周期新辅助化疗,阿霉素+顺铂+异环磷酰胺+大剂量甲氨蝶呤,化疗结束 3 周内行保肢手术。软骨肉瘤患者不行放、化疗。术前 30 min 静脉滴注抗生素。

1.2.2. 手术方法

① 广泛切除瘤段骨:根据术前 MRI 检查结果及手术切除肿瘤边缘评估标准[14],对各部位肿瘤进行瘤段广泛切除达安全边界,术前活检瘢痕同肿瘤灶一并切除。截骨边缘距离肿瘤边缘>3 cm,截骨面呈楔形,术中保持无瘤技术原则、保护未闭合骺板。本组瘤段骨长度为 8~16 cm,平均 12.5 cm。② 瘤段骨灭活:清除瘤段骨表面骨膜、软组织及髓腔内软组织,彻底刮除肿瘤组织,瘤腔扩大至正常骨质。将瘤段骨完全浸入恒温 65℃ 的生理盐水加热 30 min。③ 灭活瘤段骨回植及内固定:更换无菌手术器械及无菌操作台,用生理盐水彻底清洗术区,待灭活瘤段骨在室温生理盐水中冷却后,原位回植、复位,以钢板螺钉内固定。彻底止血、冲洗,留置引流管,缝合切口。

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后弹力绷带包扎患肢 1~2 d,局部冰敷,减少渗血。静脉滴注抗生素 2~3 d,待 24 h 引流量90% 表明化疗效果良好,并据此结果调整术后化疗方案[15]。根据肌肉骨骼肿瘤学会评分系统(MSTS-93)评估患肢功能[14]。

2. 结果

本组手术时间 150~240 min,平均 194.6 min;术中出血量 100~800 mL,平均 427.7 mL;术后 48 h 引流量为 190~405 mL,平均 304.2 mL。11 例骨肉瘤患者中,9 例肿瘤细胞坏死率>90%,2 例Open in a separate window图 1

A 27-year-old female patient with chondrosarcoma in the left mid-upper humerus

患者,女,27 岁,左肱骨中上段软骨肉瘤

a. 术前 MRI;b. 术前 X 线片;c. 术中完整切除瘤段骨;d. 术中灭活的瘤段骨;e. 术中瘤段骨回植并固定;f. 术后 2 d X 线片示截骨线清晰可见;g. 术后 35 个月 X 线片示截骨端完全愈合

a. Preoperative MRI; b. Preoperative X-ray film; c. An en bloc of tumor-bearing bone during operation; d. The pasteurized tumor-bearing bone; e. The tumor-bearing bone was replanted and fixed with plate and screws; f. X-ray film at 2 days after operation showed that the osteotomy line was apparently visible; g. X-ray film at 35 months after operation showed the complete healing of osteotomy ends

Open in a separate window图 2

A 14-year-old girl with osteosarcoma in the right mid-upper tibia

患儿,女,14 岁,右胫骨中上段骨肉瘤

a. 术前 MRI;b. 术前正侧位 X 线片;c. 术后 4 d X 线片示截骨线清晰可见;d. 术后9 个月正侧位 X 线片示干骺端截骨线模糊,骨干截骨线清晰可见;e. 术后 15 个月 CT 示干骺端截骨线消失,骨干截骨线清晰可见,骨不连形成;f、g. 术后 15、17 个月 X 线片示干骺端截骨线消失,骨干截骨线清晰可见,假关节形成;h、i. 术后 21 个月 CT 和 X 线片示干骺端截骨端愈合,骨干截骨端未愈合;j、k. 术后 30、34 个月正侧位 X 线片示干骺端截骨端完全愈合,骨干截骨线仍可见

a. Preoperative MRI; b. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films; c. X-ray film at 4 days after operation showed that osteotomy lines were apparently visible; d. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 9 months after operation showed the obscured metaphyseal osteotomy line and the clear diaphyseal osteotomy line; e. CT at 15 months after operation showed that the metaphyseal osteotomy line disappeared and bone nonunion occurred at diaphyseal osteotomy; f, g. X-ray films at 15 and 17 months after operation showed that the metaphyseal osteotomy healed and the diaphyseal osteotomy line was still clear; h, i. X-ray film and CT at 21 months after operation showed that the metaphyseal osteotomy healed and the diaphyseal osteotomy line was clear; j, k. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films at 30 and 34 months after operation showed that the metaphyseal junction healed and the diaphyseal osteotomy line obviously existed

3. 讨论

原发性恶性骨肿瘤最常见于儿童、青少年四肢长骨的干骺端[4, 16]。肿瘤假体置换术是临床常用的原发性恶性骨肿瘤保肢手术,但部分患儿骨髓腔较小,没有合适的人工假体,常常牺牲毗邻的关节,同时假体无菌性松动、磨损、断裂,双侧肢体不等长等远期并发症发生率较高,说明非生物学材料远期不能与宿主骨及软组织完美结合[4]。生物学重建可避免上述问题,是理想的保肢术式,与同种异体骨、肿瘤假体相比,灭活瘤段骨保留了瘤段骨的再生能力和机械力学性能,恢复了原骨干的连续性和完整性,更符合解剖构造,可避免传染性疾病和免疫排斥反应,并且易获得、花费较少等[9-10, 17-21]。

BMP 等生物活性分子与灭活骨再生密切相关,60~65℃ 加热 30 min 条件下,BMP 生物活性能大部分保存[22-23]。基础研究表明,巴氏法灭活的瘤段骨具有最佳的血管再生和新骨形成能力[12],这与临床研究灭活瘤段骨的新生血管和新骨形成过程相符[24]。巴氏法能彻底杀灭肿瘤骨中的恶性肿瘤细胞[25-26],但骨胶原和骨小梁结构较完整保留,因此肿瘤骨的生物力学性能可得到良好保存[25]。有学者进行了一项动物实验,将体外射线、巴氏法、高压蒸汽、生理盐水分别灭活的胫骨原位回植,影像学和大体病理标本观察证实体外射线组和巴氏法组的胫骨截骨端愈合率相当,组织病理学观察证实巴氏法组移植骨中的成骨细胞和骨髓组织比例最高,远期再生潜力更具优势,提示巴氏法最适合灭活瘤段骨重建大段骨组织缺损[27]。另一项动物实验中采用 60、100、20℃ 生理盐水分别处理股骨 30、5、10 min 后原位回植,结果发现随着时间延长,灭活的股骨机械强度先减弱后逐渐恢复,60℃ 组的股骨机械强度与 20℃ 组变化趋势一致,无统计学意义;100℃ 组的股骨机械强度恢复差,与其他组比较差异有统计学意义,提示巴氏法灭活股骨在生物力学恢复过程中有优势[13]。

截骨端不愈合、骨吸收、骨折、感染是瘤段骨灭活回植术常见并发症,严重者可导致手术失败[9-10, 17-19]。有研究发现骨干截骨端不愈合率较高且愈合时间较长[9, 17],与本研究结果相符。有学者提出灭活骨与带血管腓骨复合移植、选择坚强合理的内固定能提高愈合率和减少骨吸收、骨折风险[9-10, 18-20]。据报道瘤段骨在 65℃ 20% 高渗生理盐水中加热 30 min,可以更好地保护骨内 BMP 的活性,促进骨愈合和修复,同时保留周围正常骨膜的灭活瘤段骨与腓骨复合重建骨缺损后,截骨端愈合率达 92.6%,平均愈合时间 11 个月[9]。化疗、局部软组织切除过多、局部供血不足常常导致感染[18],采用带蒂皮瓣或肌皮瓣修复软组织缺损,可改善局部血液循环,减少感染的发生,促进灭活骨再生[21]。本组 1 例发生切口裂开并深部感染,采用腓肠肌内侧肌皮瓣修复后愈合,避免了截肢。

局部复发是保肢术后严重并发症之一,一旦发生提示肢体难以保留,患者预后较差。尽管研究证明巴氏法能彻底杀灭肿瘤骨中的肿瘤细胞[25-26],但实验样本体积常较小,而临床完整瘤段骨一般体积较大,因此理论上仍有残余恶性肿瘤细胞的风险。但本组 2 例软组织局部复发均与灭活骨无关,且目前尚无文献报道灭活骨肿瘤局部复发,因此灭活骨中有无存活恶性肿瘤细胞尚需研究明确。但术中严格遵循无瘤原则,完整切除肿瘤,外科切除边缘距离肿瘤周围反应带至少 2~3 cm,以确保边界不包含恶性肿瘤细胞,减少局部复发[28]。规范化疗方案是保肢治疗过程中重要组成部分,新辅助化疗有利于完整切除肿瘤,消灭远处微小转移灶,减少局部复发和远处转移,延长患者生存时间[15, 29]。本组早中期随访显示患者肢体功能恢复较好。

综上述,对于四肢原发性恶性骨肿瘤,瘤段骨巴氏法灭活回植术是一种简便、经济、有效的保肢术式。如何有效减少截骨端不愈合、灭活骨骨折、骨吸收、感染等非肿瘤学并发症以及局部复发、远处转移等肿瘤学并发症的发生,进一步提高患者生存率,获得更好的肢体功能,均有待进一步研究明确。

作者贡献:吴昊负责科研设计及实施,数据收集整理及统计分析,文章撰写等;吴汉华负责科研设计,指导文章撰写并提出修改意见等;贺茂林负责数据收集整理等。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经广西医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,伦审2019(KY-E-094)号。

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