英语语法笔记

将句子断开

, 后面一般有连词

后期总结：田静老师的方式是找连词

我的建议是 连词和动词一起找 来断句，因为有些类连词其实不是连词，有些连词还被省略

记住，只要从句前面有个名词，就有可能是同位语或者定语

如果 引导词 还做从句成分，那毕竟是定语从句，否则就是同位语从句

如果 that 还没省略了，那必定是定语从句

从句开始于连接词, 结束于三个位置：

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.

找标点，看到两个逗号，后面一个逗号直接连接着谓语，判定他是一个插入语

找到两个连词， why 和 that

why 到标点符号结束，that到句末

One of the reasons is that 。。。 主系表

reason 后面的 why 定语从句

翻译成 “这个任命来的这么突然的一种一个原因”

is that + 从句 明显是表语从句

在实际翻译过程中，并不需要知道他到底是什么从句，只需要符合就近修饰原则就行

此方法是根据连词断句，方法特别好，比根据谓语断句门槛低多了

但找连词的方式有问题，省略了怎么办？如果是宾语从句或者定语从句作关系词作宾语的情况，根本就不能知道连词已经省略

找到连词的话，我们可以使用 连词和谓语的比 n ：n + 1 来看，找到两个连词就有三件事（两个动词+一个谓语），找到四个连词就有五件事（四个动词+一个谓语），没有找到连词就只有一件事（一个谓语）

Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.

找到 because 和 or （找到两个连词，应该会有三个句子）

发现 or 后面的句子不完整，省略了主语

Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.

that 从句作宾语从句，because 引出了原因状语从句

找到两个连词，应该会有三个动词

句子分成：

Today they argue

that market prices overstate losses,

because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.

and that 找到两个连词，应该会有三个动词

句子断成：

如果不知道是否断句成功，可以看看每个句子是否有且只有一个谓语

Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

, which 这里明显有连词

ever since 从。。。开始

找到两个连词，应该会有三个动词

The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.

这里断句有个小坑

连词有 that and 和 if

找到三个连词，应该会有四个动词

但是断句的话是：

因为 and 后面的句子不完整，被省略了主语 you can

上面有两个表语从句

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states.

这里也有坑，但其实也没有

找连词：that or when

找到三个连词，应该会有四个动词

句子分断时发现不行：

这样作一句明显缺少了成分，所以后面的 that从句 肯定有两个动词

要这样分断：

Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.

句首短语+逗号一般认为是状语

连词：who what

找到俩个连词，应该会有三个动词

还是同样问题，断开句子存在不完整的地方

所以 who 引导的从句有两个动词，who从句到下一个动词前面结束， 明显到 are

断句：

If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.

逗号 可以断开成两句

找连词：if，who

找到俩个连词，应该会有三个动词

还是同样的问题，断句，断出来的句子必须成分完整 those who 显然不完整，只有 those， who 后面有两个动词

断句：

When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education.

这里需要注意：that 引导的是一个从句才算是 连词

上面的句子中 that potential 只引导了一个单词，所以明显不是 连词

连词：when

找到一个连词，应该会有俩个动词

断句：

they could in turn afford more education.（主干 主谓宾结构）

When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,（时间状语从句，从句到标点符号结束）

Amazon.com… also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.

发现逗号可以断开成两句：

找连接词：that，though，who 三个连词可以断成四个动词

People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come down with a cold, and the researchers calculated that the stress-reducing effects of hugging explained about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.

连词：who，and，that，that（但其实不是 that beneficial[adj] effect[只能是名词]）

找到 三个连词，共有四个动词

We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’ t force it.

连词：that，when 找到两个连词，有三句话

The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。

连词：that，which，because

找到三个连词，必定有四个动词

They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

找并列连词：and，and

找主从连词：in which

找到三个连词，就有四个动词

找连词，断句子（不包含省略的方式，省略方式需要配合 #分析主谓 章节）

攻略1.现在从句，但先看主句

攻略2.不要纠结从句

攻略3.并列注意忽略

从句修饰前面的名词并且关系词作从句成分 ==> 定语从句

主干缺少成分，使用从句代替名词成分，并且引导词不做从句成分 ==> 名词性从句

从属连词 + 完整的句子（主谓宾） ==> 状语从句

连词的方式确实更加简单（刘晓艳推荐以找动词为主，不太一样），但其带来的了的问题，那就是连词省略了咋办？所以需要别的方法解决遇到连词省略的问题

这种方式合适没有连词，没有标点符号的情况，比如：连词被省略了，或是独立主格，又或者是伴随关系状语从句

限定词 + 单词，这个单词应该是 名词/代词

从上面可以找到这种方法：

The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,

主干：The IASB says

从句：it does not want to act without overall planning

says it does not want to act （主谓主谓）

👆 👆 👆 says 和 does not want 两个动词 中间有个代词（名词）

Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share…

主干：Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption

从句：we all share

这里从句可能是定语从句，因为前面是一个名词 assumption

was to take an assumption we all share 主谓主谓

👆 👆 👆 谓语 名词 谓语

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political…

找符号：，

找连词：when

句子分成两句：

找动词：shapes，is两个动词，说明这句话说了两件事

it shapes （从句）

the law is inescapably political…（主干）

这里的 it shapes 修饰的 law 是名词，所以大概率是定语从句

the law it shapes is inescapably political…

​ 👆 👆 👆 👆 n + n + v + v 谓语谓语中间没东西，主主谓谓，当然还可以用 n + n 配合判断

the law it shapes is

名词 + 名词 + 谓语 + 谓语， 根据下面 #两个名词连续待在一起 章节

明显，the law 的 law 是名词，因为前面用了限定词 the

但是 it 也是 名词：it是代词属于名词

按照上面章节给出的四种情况，明显，作定语，状语的情况都不符合，句子中间没有介词也不符合第四种情况，只能是 主主谓谓 这种情况，其中中间的主谓是从句 it shapes 是从句，前面 law 是名词，所以是定语从句

这句绝不可能是同位语从句，因为同位语从句引导词不能省略，也不是名词性从句，因为主干不缺少名词成分

The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

主主谓谓

The way consumers now approach the process 这里极有可能有谓语

​ ↑ ↑ 👆 ↑ 如果不看意思，看词性的话，标标的位置全是名词，连续4个名词，怎么可能？明显 approach 是 动词 形式

marketing’s impact stems from a broad range 这句话怎么分析？

marketing’s impact： impact 这个明显是 名词

stems from：固定搭配，源自…

a broad range：range 范围，broad 形容词 宽泛的

连词：that， 说明有两个动词，但实际上有三个动词，一个连词 that（in which）被省略

上面 The way consumers 之间有个 in which（that）成分被省略，我看过另一个考研男老师说的，只要是 that 都可以省略，而大部分老师都说that作宾语从句、定语从句的宾语成分时才能省略，看到这句话，我觉得 that 好像都能省略似的。。。

the way you present yourself has an impact.

the way you 名词 + 名词

这里 present 翻译成 “礼物”，但大概率是动词，不然就会变成 冠词 + 名词 + 名词 + 名词 + 代词(名词) + 动词。。。你觉得可能么？

三个名词都顶天了（除非是专业性术语），这里是四个名词，根本不可能

所以这里是 主主谓谓 的情况，实际情况是 主主谓宾谓宾

所以句子是

这里的 present 作动词不知道的话，就翻译成“礼物”吧，你礼物你自己？不就是你把自己送出去了么？再好听点 “你展现了你自己”

翻译“你展示你自己的方式会产生影响”

限定词只能限定名词或代词，所以只要遇到限定词那么之后就是名词

Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.

没有连词，但又有两个动词（believes，can exercise），存在被省略的连词

主谓主谓结构，是：主谓 + 引导词 + 主谓， 宾语从句

But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.

the regular time 这里不管 regular 是名词还是形容词，都是定语，根据前面的四种双名词形式

那为什么 time 不可以是动词形式呢？

这么判断：

But 连词，所以会抵消掉后面的一个动词， 所以至少有两个动词（当然也有可能省略了连词，需要注意是否有算名词的情况）

找找可疑的动词都有哪些：time

保证他是动词的有：tasks，is

大概率 time 不是动词

Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

that 连词，说明至少有两个动词

结果发现三个（press into, create, can bypass），说明省略了一个连词

找多名词组合或者找谓语之间的名词

the new habits we ==> 双名词结构

press into, create ==> 谓语之间的名词：没有

推断出是：主主谓谓 结构 ==> 主 + 从句 + 主 + 谓 + 谓

判断省略连词的成分

主主谓谓

主谓主谓

根据核心找方法：

an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.

一般遇到连续两个名词在一起的时候需要注意可能是下面这些情况：

A B：A 作 B 的定语 B of A，限定 B（B范围太广需要A限制范围）

A B：B 作 A 的同位语，解释 A（A不够详细需要B解释）

主主谓谓的情况

谓 + 介词 + 名词 + 名词（谓语~名词之间可能连续出现 介词 + 名词的结构，而且中间的这个介宾结构在动词之后大概率只能是状语）

所以看到两个名词连续的情况需要警惕，可能是上面四种情况之一

V + 介词 + N1 + N2 一般情况下, 中间的 介词 + N1 肯定不是宾语但可能是状语, 因为在动词之后的介宾短语, N2可能是宾语

A few art collections established in their respective communities the idea of the value art.

in their respective communities 这段就是 介词 + 名词 的部分

找核心：主语，谓语，宾语，补语（宾补，主补【表语】）

找非核心，去掉非核心

形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语、状语从句等

Also, some research suggests that the explanation for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction among poorly-educated, middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs.

步骤都一样

发现 “，” 都是and连接的名词，所以不看

that 只有一个

找动词，suggests is 只有两个

发现句子太复杂了，

the explanation for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction among poorly-educated, middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs.

介词短语：

简化完毕：

some research suggests that the explanation is shortage.

suggests，is

for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addiction ==> 定语

among poorly-educated, middle-aged people ==> 状语

of well-paid jobs ==> 定语

我的判断方法是：

有，大概率是定语

没有，大概率是状语

但还不能断定他就是定语还是状语，需要下面这个步骤判断

When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.

同样的方法

找标点：没有

找连词：when，至少两个动词

断开句子：

简化句子：

找到动词：

worry，are concerned

定、状语：

名词n + in developing countries：定语

about migration 没有名词修饰： 状语

at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities 状语

in the developed world 定语 修饰 hospitals and universities

名词 + 介宾 一般情况下，介宾修饰的名词作定语，否则作状语

From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.

我们把主要步骤简化下，要不然有 六个 步骤太过于复杂了

看符号，看连词

简化并不是全部部分都简化的干干净净，保留部分（简短的）修饰成分好理解主干的意思

也可以叫代替，用 “。。。”或者“…”代替修饰的部分

这步骤的目的主要是：

have driven，smells

简化后的翻译：“我们对民主化和平民化的渴求驱使我们拒绝一切精英主义的事物”

还原修饰部分到简化的句子中

霍夫斯塔德说（插入语没人权可以不看），自我们的历史开始，我们对民主化和平民化的渴求驱使我们拒绝一切精英主义的事物

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

断句：who

简化：

看到介词之后的东西，不管有几个名词，大胆的删除 比如： of the postwar baby boom

involved 这个分词引导的句子，要么作定语（这里作定语修饰sacrifices），要么作状语，直接删除

简单的翻译下：

。。。到来和。。。进入现象的出现已经限制了青少年的机会，他们正在质疑这沉重的个人牺牲。。。

还原：

战后婴儿潮时期的到来和妇女进入男性主导的工作，这种现象的出现已经限制了青少年的发展机会，他们正在质疑参与攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯以获得好的教育和工作所付出的沉重牺牲是否值得

翻译就不是一蹴而就的事情，特别是部分恶心人的翻译，我们需要加上自己对该英语句子意思的理解然后加上部分该句子中根本就不存在的汉字，补充完整个汉化的意思

For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.

断句：

简化：

简单翻译：“英国人类学家错误地认为农业、制陶和冶金都起源和传播”

还原：

例如，英国人类学家Grafton Elliot Smith 和 W. J. Perry 错误地认为农业、制陶和冶金都起源于古埃及并且传播到世界

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.

连词：that that

断句：

The same dramatic technological changes that从句1 have also increased the risk that从句2.

that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices

that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways

。。。 changes that从句1 have also increased the risk that从句2.

that have provided marketers 。。。

that passionate consumers will voice their opinions 。。。

默认从句都是修饰的前面的单词

那么翻译出来将会是这样：

什么样的 changes 也会完成 什么样的 risk

这两个什么样的，刚好配合下面的两个 that

【The same dramatic technological】 changes that从句1 have also increased the risk that从句2.

that have provided marketers 【with more (and more diverse) communications choices】

that passionate consumers will voice their opinions 【in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways】

在断开和简化之前，要进行一次分裂结构的还原

如果是插入语一般都会有成对的逗号/破折号出现

而且插入语比较突兀的出现，可能截断了其他句子本身的表达（也就是说插入语优先级较高直接错开的原本的句子）

插入语如果是同位语的话，作用就是解释前面的名词；如果是单纯插入语的话，则可以不看；如果是状语从句的插入语必须要看

Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.

断开句子，发现前面一句有两个谓语：says，will be

Bob Liodice, 插入语 , says consumers will be worse off

the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers

says consumers will be 动词 + 名词 + 动词，主谓主谓结构

Bob Liodice, 插入语 , says(主谓宾)

(that) consumers will be worse off（主系表）

the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers（插入语）

if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.（条件状语从句，主谓宾）

These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

简化未必是必须的，要看断句之后的句子是否还是很复杂

Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

不是每个插入语都可以省略，只有同位语，一些解释性的插入语可以不看，但像上面的状语从句就不能省略

上面的条件状语从句如果是插入语的话，建议转移到别的地方

非限定性定语从句也可以插入到句子中间，但可以不看

从句太长了，后移，那么产生了新的问题，就是找不到从句所修饰的成分

如果从句前面的那个短语是 短语（一般是介词短语），则可能需要注意 从句后移 的情况

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说明有个部分比从句短，而且断得多

比如下面这些：

原句是：evidence that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting was found.

that 修饰的是 evidence 但它放到了后面

到底是长了多少呢？

was found =====================================================

that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting

原句是：keep what promises from Entergy are worth in mind

what从句 做的是 keep 的宾语

in mind ============================

what promises from Entergy are worth

非常简单，既然前面的那个单词不是，那就往前面找，直到找到合适的

Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

如果你把 that 的先行词认为是 found 那就不对劲了

was found 是一整个谓语， that 明显不是修饰的 found

that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. 这句话本身就不是定语从句，至少 that 不做成分， 所以大概率是 宾语从句？

看看主干是否缺少成分？

主干翻译成 “没有系统性的证据被找到” 明显不缺少成分

所以也不是宾语从句

那么只能是 同位语从句

那同位语从句修饰的哪个词呢？

简单，既然 found 不是，那么就往前找，找到了 evidence （再往前找可就没货了）

这就是从句后移的情况

But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

这里的第一个 But 可以不看

as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application 这是一个状语从句

keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

what 引导的从句，只有名词性从句，所以应该放在 keep 之后，但上面的例子中却放在 in mind 之后

What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to elude scientists.

, machines that would mimic the way humans think,这是插入语，额外的补充说明罢了

​ 👆 👆 👆 👆

后面的 humans think 还是一个定语从句 主谓主谓

Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

担心，不及物 主谓结构

that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts 是同位语，后置了

Consumers say they’ re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.

, despite the dreadful headlines, 这是一个介词短语作插入语

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.

George Annas名词作主语，然后突然被逗号中断了原先的句子，插入了插入语 , chair of the health law department at Boston University, 这种跟在名词后的插入语一般都是解释的前面的名词

maintains that 谓语 + 从句又被插入语中断了 , as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, 不过此处的插入语是 条件状语从句 必须翻译出来

the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death这句就是从句的本体

其中还有一个让步状语从句even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death

主干是：George Annas maintains that the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death

状语从句的插入语不能省略外，同位语，插入语和非限定性定语从句都可以省略不看，不会影响句子的意思

从句后置主要的原因是对比主干的部分太长了

比如：

A + 从句 + 谓语 + 宾语/补语/短语等

如果从句对比 谓语和宾语/补语/短语等 太长了

此时最好把从句后置为下面这样：

A + 谓语 + 宾语/补语/短语等 + 从句

俄罗斯套娃式的英语

大从句内有小从句，小从句内有小小从句 这种。。。

我的建议是从小从句分析到大从句，当然也可以从外往里看，这样比较有顺序

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.

If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind of science.

这里头连词比较多，需要判断哪个连词没有用

上面需要注意，有大从句包含小从句的情况

If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible

ensuring 是及物动词，所以需要加上宾语 所以 ensuring that 后面的从句就是宾语

It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers’ productivity.

↑ 👆 ① ↑ 👆 ↑ 👆

上面的 ↑ 都是名词，👆都是动词

我们能够看到 ① 号位置缺少了 引导词，这里 hope 是希望的意思，是及物动词，所以后面将会有宾语从句

中间有个连词：how

我们还可以断开句子：how shop-floor lighting affected workers’ productivity

使用 how 的话就是宾语从句

Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.

A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it So quickly.

连词和逗号配合的一种句型

A，B，C and/or D

或者是 not only 。。。but also。。。 这种并列方式

其实这种句型没什么好讲的，主要就是找省略成分，这在并列句中讲的很清楚了

A and B

一般情况下 A 所拥有的成分 >= B 所拥有的成分

所以我们可以按照 B 中的成分去 A 中一个个对应着找匹配成分，最后就能看到 A 中哪些成分 B 中没有

那么这些没有的成分就是 B 中省略的部分