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2023-12-25 01:18| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

原标题:译词|中国历史常用术语中英对照一览表(先秦至近代)

编者按:今天小编给大家分享一份从先秦到近代的中国历史术语翻译汇总,希望对历史材料翻译有兴趣的能有用喔~

先秦

旧石器时代 Paleolithic 或者 Old Stone Age 新石器时代 Neolithic 或者 New Stone Age 部落联盟 Tribal Union 传说时代 Mythical history 三皇五帝 Three Sovereigns and Five Legends 或者统称为 Legendary Ancient Sages 黄帝 Huang Di,Huang Ti 或者 Yellow Emperor 炎帝 Yan Di,Yan Ti,Yan Emperor 或者 Flame Emperor 华夏部 Huaxia Tribal Union 九黎部 Jiuli Tribal Union 或者 Tribal Union of Nine Lis 三代 Great Reigns of Three Generations 尧天舜日 Great Reigns of Yao and Shun 禅让制 Abdicating and passing down the throne 大禹 Yu, the Great 夏朝 Xia dynasty 或者 Hsia dynasty 商朝 Shang dynasty 信史 Faithful history 殷墟 Ruins of Yin, Relic of Yin 或者直接Yin Xu 甲骨文 s on Oracle Bones 青铜年代 Bronze Age 周朝 Zhou dynasty 或者 Chou dynasty 西周 Western Zhou 天命 Mandate of Heaven 天子 Son of the Heavenly King 周公旦 Duke of Zhou 分封制:这个说法太多了,比较靠谱的是Feudalism system 或者 Enfeoffment system。有的文章用的Tributary system,个人觉得不靠谱,那是藩属国而不是诸侯国。 分封的诸侯国:这个说法也很多,常见的有Principality,Feudatory state 以及 Vassal state,比较喜欢第一个,因为后两种貌似指的是欧洲那种诸侯国或者附庸国;到了战国就可以直接说State了,比如秦国就是State Qin,魏国是State Wei,卫国是State Wey 诸侯本人:Feudal lords 宗法制:其实就是以血缘为准的嫡长子继承其余分封的制度,有人用Patriarchy这个词,但是这个词只强调了父系血统,却没有强调继承。比较喜欢的处理方法是直接说Zongfa system,然后再用一两句话解释,比如the wife’s eldest son will inherit the lineage of the clan, while younger sons of the wife and sons of concubines will not be regarded as rightful successors of the clan. The eldest son will also inherit the noble title of his father and majority share of the heritage. 礼乐制度 Rites and Music Principals 周礼 Rituals of Zhou 成康之治 Great Reigns of King Cheng and King Kang 昭王伐楚 Campaign against Chu during King Zhao’s Reign 穆天子之旅 Journey of King Mu 穆天子传 Tale of King Mu 国人暴动 Riot of people in the capital city 烽火戏诸侯 War Signal Drama 或者 Fake War Signals 东周 Eastern Zhou 春秋 Spring and Autumn Period 战国 Warring States Period 春秋五霸 Five Hegemons 吴越争霸 Contention of Wu and Yue 或者 Rivalry between Wu and Yue 战国七雄:貌似没有专门的说法,一般就是Seven Warring States 百家争鸣 Hundred Schools of Thoughts 儒家 Confucianism 孔子 Confucius 或 School of Ru(不常用) 孟子 Mencius 荀子 Xuncius 道家 Taoism 或 Daoism 老子 Lao Tzu 或 Laozi 庄子 Chuang Tzu或Zhuangzi 无为 Wu-wei,解释为Action of actionless 墨家 Mohism 法家 Legalism 名家 Logicianism 或者 School of Names 阴阳家 Naturalism,School of Naturalists 或者 School of Yin and Yang 纵横家 School of Diplomacy 小说家 School of Minor Talks 杂家 Syncretism 农家 Agriculturalism 医家 School of Medicine 兵家 School of Military 孙子兵法 The Art of War 或者 Art of Wars 孙子 Sun Tzu 四书五经 Four Books and Five Classics 论语 Analects of Confucius 或者直接 Lun Yu 大学 Great Learning 中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 或者直接 Zhongyong 诗经 Classic of Poetry 或者 Classic of Songs 书经 Book of Documents 礼记 Book of Rites 或者 Classic of Rites 易经 Book of Changes 或者 I-Ching 春秋 Annals of Spring and Autumn 六韬 Six Secret Teachings 商君书 The Book of Lord Shang 管子 Guanzi 韩非子 Han Feizi 法经 Canon of Laws 尸子 Shizi 列子 Liezi 竹书纪年 Bamboo Annals 战国四公子 Four Lords of Warring States 食客 Retainer 商鞅变法 Reform of Shang Yang in State Qin 胡服骑射 Riding and shooting in nomadic dress 井田制 Hashtag-shaped-field system 或者 Well-field system,但显然前一个对外国人来说更直白 都江堰 Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project 太傅 Grand Tutor 太保 Grand Guard 太师 Grand Preceptor 先秦时期的国君,一般就是King (Duke) + 名字或谥号 + 朝代/国家,比如商纣王King Zhou of Shang,周武王 King Wu of Zhou,齐桓公 Duke Huan of Qi,越王勾践 King Gou Jian of Yue

秦汉

秦朝 Qin dynasty 或者 Chin dynasty 秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang Emperor,First Emperor of Qin 或者 Shi Huang Ti 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors 焚书坑儒 Burning of Books and Burying of Confucianism Scholars 陈胜吴广起义 Dazexiang Uprising 郡县制 Administrative system with prefectures and counties,有的地方也说成commanderies and districts 灵渠 Ling Canal 阿房宫 Epang Palace 封禅:一般的处理方式是说Fengshan然后解释,比如a type of ceremony held on Mount Tai where the emperor would offer sacrifices to the heavenly king 楚汉战争 Chu-Han Contention 西楚霸王 Prince of Western Chu 汉朝 Han dynasty 匈奴:现在一般都叫Xiongnu了,以前很多人叫他们Huns,但是这个争议比较大,因为这个词原本是指欧洲的匈人的 冒顿单于 Modu Chanyu 军臣单于 Gunchen Chanyu 东胡 Donghu 或者 Eastern Hu 游牧民族 Nomadic people 南蛮 Southern Barbarians 百越 Hundred Yue Tribes 或者 Hundred Viet Tribes 文景之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing 七国之乱 Rebellion of seven feudatory states 罢黜百家独尊儒术 (to) Promote Confucianism and suppress other schools of thoughts 史记 Record of the Grand Historian 或者就叫 Shiji 二十四史 The 24 Official History Accounts 或者 The 24 Official Histories 丝绸之路 Silk Road 龟兹:现在一般就叫Qiuci,但比较老的文献用的是Kucha,Kutsi或者Kucina,即库车 焉耆 Yanqi,Karachar或者Karasahr 疏勒:常见的就是Shule,或者就用现地名喀什Kashgar来指代 月氏 Yueh-Chi 或者 Ro-Chi 康居 Sogdiana 大宛 Dayuan 或 Tayuan 拔汗那(其实就是费尔干纳) Ferghana 大夏 Bactria 朝鲜半岛汉四郡 Four Commanderies of Han in Korean Peninsula 或者 Four Counties of Han in Korean Peninsula 贵霜 Kushan 安息 Parthia 大秦 Roman Empire 河西走廊 River-west Corridor, River-west Aisle, Hexi Corridor 或者直接 Hexi 玉门关 Yumen Pass 或者 Jade Gate Pass 罪己诏 Edict of Introspection 西域都护府(西汉) Western Region Protectorate 西域长史府(东汉)Western Region Chief Administration Bureau 高句丽 Goguryeo 新朝 Xin dynasty 光武中兴 The Reign of Emperor Guangwu 造纸术 Paper-making technology 黄巾起义 Yellow Turbans Uprising 吕布 Lyu Bu,Lv Bu 或者 Lu Bu 赤壁之战 Battle of Red Cliffs 察举制:这个貌似没见过专门的对应,所以就还是直接说Cha Ju system,然后加以说明,比如nominate (recommend) prospective government officials based on their filial morality and honesty 九品中正制:记得在哪里见过它被叫做Nine-rank system,但是这么说了也等于没说,所以还是按照上面的处理,说拼音Jiu Pin Zhong Zheng system 然后加说明,比如nominate government officials based on their social status in the hierarchy of nine grades 三公九卿 Three Councillors and Nine Ministers/Chamberlains 丞相/宰相 Chancellor 司马 Chancellor of Wars 司徒 Chancellor of Masses 司空 Chancellor of Constructions 或者 Chancellor of Works 太常卿 Minister of Ceremonies 卫尉卿 Minister of Defense 或者 Minister of Guards 光禄卿 Minister of Imperial Household 廷尉(后来的大理寺卿) Minister of Justice 宗正 Minister of Royal Clan 大司农 Minister of Finance 汉朝皇帝的叫法,举两个例子,剩下的都一样:汉高祖 Emperor Gaozu of Han,汉武帝 Emperor Wu of Han 刺史 Cishi, the provincial-level governor 州牧 Zhoumu,the provincial-level governor 太守 Taishou,the prefectural-level governor 县令 Xianling,the county-level governor 或者 county magistrate 中郎 Inner Gentleman 中郎将 Leader of court gentlemen 汉赋 Rhapsody poetry of Han dynasty 或者就叫 Fu Poetry 汉书 Book of Han 后汉书 Book of Later Han 盐铁论 Discourses on Salt and Iron 金缕玉衣 A jade suit with golden wires 九章算术 Nine Chapters of Mathematics 昭君出塞 Wang Zhaojun’s Marriage to Xiongnu

展开全文

三国 Three Kingdoms 六出祁山 Zhuge Liang’s six northern expeditions/campaigns against Cao Wei 竹林七贤 Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest 三国志 Records of Three Kingdoms 晋朝 Jin dynasty 八王之乱 The War of Eight Princes 永嘉之变 Disaster of Yongjia 五胡乱华 Five groups of barbarians invaded Northern China 鲜卑 Xianbei 或者 Siber 嚈哒 Hephthalite 罽宾(犍陀罗)Gandhara 十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms 或者 Sixteen States 祖逖北伐 Northern Expeditions of Zu Ti 兰亭集序 Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Poems 书圣(王羲之)Master of Chinese calligraphy 田园诗 Poetry of Chinese Fields and Gardens 山水诗 Poetry of Chinese Landscapes 清谈:貌似没有很好的对应,直接说Qingtan或则Pure Conversation,然后解释,比如a popular type of conversations about Taoist philosophies in Jin dynasty 淝水之战 Battle of Fei River 前秦 Kingdom of Former Qin 晋书 Book of Jin 南北朝 Southern and Northern dynasties 北魏 Northern Wei 或者 Tuoba Wei 东魏 Eastern Wei 西魏 Western Wei 北齐 Northern Qi 或者 Northern Chi 北周 Northern Zhou 或者 Northern Chou 南朝宋 Liu Song dynasty 南朝齐 Southern Qi 或者 Southern Chi 南朝梁 Liang dynasty 南朝陈 Chen dynasty 孝文帝改革 Reform of Emperor Xiaowen 汉化 Sinicization(动词 Sinicize) 鲜卑化 Xianbeilization 云冈石窟 Yungang Grottoes 龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes 鸠摩罗什 Kumarajiva 达摩 Bodhidharma 禅宗 Zen 净土宗 Pure Land Buddhism 或者 Amidish(但是有争议) 华严宗 Flower Garland School 天台宗 Tiantai School 或者 Tendai School 密宗 Esoteric School 法相宗 Faxiang School,Dharma Characteristic School 或者 East Asian Yogacara 妙法莲华经 Lotus Sutra 柔然:一般就是Rouran,以前有个争议性蛮大的Avar 六镇起义 Riot of Six Military Towns 侯景之乱 Rebellion of Hou Jing 齐民要术 Essential Techniques for People’s Welfare 水经注 Commentary on the Water Classic 世说新语 A New Account of Tales in the World 吐谷浑 Tuyuhun Kingdom 象雄 Zhang-Zhung 敕勒(其实就是铁勒、高车) Tiele 关陇集团 Military clans of Guanzhong and Longshan 士族 Nobel clans 或则 Shizu clans 庶族 Normal clans 或者 Shuzu clans 府兵制 Local Militia system 或者 Fubing system 玉树后庭花 Jade Tree and Backyard Flowers 南史 History of Southern Dynasties 北史 History of Northern Dynasties 魏书 Book of Wei 北齐书 Book of Northern Qi 周书 Book of Zhou 宋书 Book of Song (注意和后面的宋史区分) 齐书 Book of Qi(这是南朝齐的二十四史) 梁书 Book of Liang 陈书 Book of Chen 玉台新咏 New Songs from the Jade Terrace

隋唐

隋朝 Sui dynasty 开皇之治 Great Reign of Kaihuang 科举考试 Imperial Exams 大运河 Grand Canal 三省 Three Departments 六部 Six Ministries 或者 Six Boards 二十四司 Twenty-Four Bureaus 中书省 Department of Imperial Secretariats 门下省 Department of Chancellors 尚书省 Department of Imperial Affairs 吏部 Ministry of Personnel 户部 Ministry of Revenue 或者 Ministry of Household Registration 礼部 Ministry of Rites 兵部 Ministry of National Defense 或者 Ministry of Wars 刑部 Ministry of Justice 或者 Ministry of Punishments 工部 Ministry of Constructions 或者 Ministry of Works 突厥 Turks 或者 Tujue 薛延陀 Xueyantuo 或者 Syr Tardush 土门可汗 Bumin Khan/Qaghan 达头可汗 Tardu Khan 启民可汗 Yami Khan 始毕可汗 Shibi Khan 颉利可汗 Illig Khan 隋朝皇帝:隋文帝 Emperor Wen of Sui,隋炀帝 Emperor Yang of Sui 杨玄感叛乱 Revolt of Yang Xuangan 瓦岗起义 Wagang Uprising 均田制 Equal-field system 新罗 Silla 百济 Baekje 隋书 Book of Sui 唐朝 Tang dynasty 玄武门之变 Xuanwu Gate Incident 贞观之治 Great Reign of Zhenguan 昭陵六骏 Six Steeds of Zhao Tomb/Mausoleum 高昌 Gocho,Qocho,Karahoja(一般特指唐初的麴氏高昌国)或者就是 Gaochang 吐蕃 Tibetan Empire 松赞干布 Songtsen Gampo 布达拉宫 Potala Palace 文成公主 Princess Wencheng 尺尊公主 Bhrikuti 逻些 就叫Lhasa 苯教 Bon 莲花生大师 Padmasambhava 单于都护府 Chanyu Protectorate 安北都护府 An’bei Protectorate 或者 Pacifying North Protectorate 安西都护府 An’xi Protectorate 或者 Pacifying West Protectorate 北庭都护府 Beiting Protectorate 或者 Beshbalik Protectorate 濛池都护府 Mengchi Protectorate 昆凌都护府 Kunling Protectorate 黑水都护府 Heishui Protectorate 安东都护府 An’dong Protectorate 或者 Pacifying East Protectorate 安南都护府 An’nan Protectorate 或者 Pacifying South Protectorate 安西四镇 Four Military Towns/Stations/Garrisons of An’xi Protectorate 熊津都督府 Ungjin Commandery 吐火罗都督府 Tocharian Commandery 条支都督府 Antiochia Commandery 碎叶 Suyab 别失八里 Beshbalik或者Beshbaliq,其实就是庭州Tingzhou 拜火教 Zoroastrianism 厥特勤碑 Orhun Inions 唐初十道:Ten Daos of Early Tang,道有时候也被翻译成Circuit或者Province 长安东市 Eastern Market of Chang’an 长安西市 Western Market of Chang’an 大明宫 Daming Palace 曲江池 Qujiang Pond 或者 Qujiangchi Lake 宵禁 Curfew 京兆尹 Mayor of Capital City 武周 Second Zhou dynasty 武则天 Empress Wu Zetian 无字碑 Blank Monument of Wu Zetian 萨珊波斯 Sassanian Persia 倭马亚 Umayyad Caliphate 阿拔斯(大食) Abbasside Caliphate 怛罗斯之战 Battle of Talas 开元盛世 Great Reign of Kaiyuan 唐朝皇帝举例:唐太宗 Emperor Taizong of Tang,唐肃宗 Emperor Su of Tang。有个特殊的,就是唐玄宗,常见的当然是Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 或者 Emperor Ming of Tang,但是有个很狗血的说法是Illustrious August,真是不知道谁最早翻译的,幸好用的人也不多。 杨贵妃 Lady Yang 荔枝 Lychee 霓裳羽衣曲 The Song of Feathered Clothes with Colors of Rainbow 唐诗 Tang Poetry 李白 Li Bai 或者 Li Bo 诗仙 Master of Poetry,Genius of Poetry 或者 God of Poetry 诗圣 Sage of Poetry 诗佛(王维) Buddha of Poetry 诗鬼(李贺)Phantom of Poetry 或者 Ghost of Poetry 诗骨(陈子昂)Bone of Poetry 或者 Stand of Poetry 诗杰(王勃)The Outstanding Poet 诗奴(孟郊)Slave of Poetry 或者 Prisoner of Poetry 诗魔(白居易)Devil of Poetry 或者 Demon of Poetry 诗豪(刘禹锡)Elite of Poetry 或者 Hero of Poetry 诗狂(贺知章)The Mad Poet 诗瓢(唐求)The Calabash Poet 骈文 Pianwen, a type of rhythmical prose with perfect parallel lines 古文运动 Classic/Ancient Prose Movement 日本遣唐使 Japanese missions to Imperial China 或者 Kento Shi 开元占经 Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 安禄山 An Lushan 或者Ann Rockshen 安史之乱 An Lushan’s Rebellion 或者 An-Shi Rebellion 回纥汗国 Uighur Khanate 或者 Uyghur Khanate 汗庭 Khan’s Court 突骑施 Turgesh 葛逻禄 Karluks 黠戛斯 Kirgis 或者 Kyrghiz 节度使:一般就叫Jiedushi,然后解释一下说是一种Regional military governor,经常会形成Warlord 藩镇:一般就叫Fanzhen,然后解释一下就是各地被Jiedushi来管理(administrate)形成的local militia forces 募兵制:Professional Militia system 折冲府:就是Zhechong Fu,然后解释一下说是募兵制下形成的一种军队division 十二卫军/十六卫军 12/16 divisions of Imperial Guards 盐业专售 Salt Commission 渤海国 Balhea 或者 Pohai 南诏国 Nanzhao 牛李党争 Factional Struggles between Niu and Li Parties 甘露之变 Ganlu Incident 或者 Sweet Dew Incident 唐蕃会盟 Tang-Tibetan Meeting 太监 Eunuch 会昌毁佛 Anti-Buddhism Campaign/Persecution in the Reign of Huichang 朗达玛 Langdarma 归义军 Guiyi Circuit 黄巢起义 Huang Chao(‘s) Uprising 旧唐书 Old Book of Tang 新唐书 New Book of Tang 边塞诗 Poetry of Military Service 或者 Poetry of Frontier Zones 唐会要 Institutional History of Tang 通典 Comprehensive Documents 酉阳杂俎 Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang 大唐西域记 The Grand/Great Tang Record on the Western Region 给事郎 Supervising Secretary 进奏院 Capital Liaison Office 按察使 Surveillance Commissioner

五代宋元

五代十国 Five dynasties and ten kingdoms 沙陀人 Shatuo people 幽云十六州 16 Prefectures of You and Yun 旧五代史 Old History of Five Dynasties 新五代史 New History of Five Dynasties 宋朝 Song dynasty 或者 Sung dynasty 陈桥兵变 Incident of Chenqiao Station 或者 The Mutiny of Chenqiao Station 杯酒释兵权 Dismissing generals from their duties during a banquet 路 Circuit 或者 Lu 府 Prefecture 或者 Fu 契丹 Khitan 辽朝 Liao dynasty 耶律 Yelu 或者 Yelyu 阿保机 Abaoji 睡王(辽穆宗)The sleeping emperor 澶渊之盟 Treaty of Chanyuan 岁币 Annual Tribute 党项 Tangut People 西夏 Western Xia 或者 Xixia 于阗王国 Khotan Kingdom 黑汗 Kara Khanid 西州回鹘 Xizhou Uighurs 或者 Gaochang Uighurs 大理国 Dali Kingdom 西南夷 Southwestern Barbarians 唐宋八大家 Eight Prose Masters of Tang and Song 清明上河图 Along the River During the Qingming Festival 梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essays 熙宁改革(王安石变法)Reform of Xining 或者 Wang Anshi’s Reform 宋词 Lyric Poetry 或者就说 Ci 豪放派 Bold faction 或者 Unconstrained faction 婉约派 Restrained faction 词牌:一般直接说Cipai,然后解释,比如the format and genre of a lyric poetry based on the rhythm and tunes 花石纲 The shipping of rare rocks 女真 Jurchen 或者 Nuchen 金朝 Jurchen Jin dynasty 或者 Jinn dynasty,在不发生混淆的情况下可以用Jin dynasty 完颜 Wanyan 猛安 Meng’an, the Jurchen chiliarch 谋克 Mouke, the Jurchen centurion 耶律大石西征 Expedition of Yelyu Dashi 西辽 Qara Khitan,Kara Khitai 或者 Western Liao 虎思斡耳朵(八剌沙衮)Balasagun 或者 Hoosihorde,斡耳朵就是Horde,大帐 卡特万之战 Battle of Qatwan 花剌子模 Khwarazmian kingdom 靖康之变 Incident of Jingkang 岳家军 Yue Fei’s Army或者Yue’s Circuit 绍兴和议 Compromise of Shaoxing 海陵王 Prince of Hailing 交子 Jiaozi, the paper currency 活字印刷术 Typographic Printing Technology 宋明理学 Neo-Confucianism 宋四大书 Four Great Books of Song 太平广记 Extensive Records of the Taiping Era 太平御览 Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era 文苑英华 Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature 册府元龟 Archival Palace as the Great Oracle 或者 Models from the Archives 宋朝皇帝举两个例子,宋神宗 Emperor Shenzong of Song,宋高宗 Emperor Gaozong of Song,别的都是这个格式,辽金也一样 宋史 History of Song 金史 History of Jin 辽史 History of Liao 蒙古汗国 Mongol Khanate 蒙古帝国 Mongol Empire 大斡耳朵 Grand Horde 乃蛮部 Naimans 塔塔尔部 Tatars 克烈部 Keraites 蔑儿乞部 Merkit 孛儿只斤 Borjigin 成吉思汗 Genghis Khan 铁木真 Temujin 窝阔台 Ogedei 托雷 Tolui 贵由 Guyuk 蒙哥 Mongke 忽必烈 Kublai 金帐汗国 Golden Horde Khanate 伊尔汗国 Ilkhanate 察合台汗国 Chagatai Khanate 窝阔台汗国 Ogedei Khanate 高丽 Goryeo 元朝 Yuan dynasty 达鲁花赤 Darughachi 色目人 Semu people 或者 Colored-eye people 汉人 Han people in the north 南人 Southerners 行省:全称是行中书省 Branch Secretariats,一般就叫 Province 宣政院 Bureau of Buddhism and Tibetan Affairs 红巾起义 Red Turbans Rebellion 元顺帝 Emperor Shun of Yuan 元曲 Yuan Qu, a type of poetry based on tunes of music 或者 Tune poetry 元史 History of Yuan 授时历 Calendar of Fixing Time 或者 Shoushi Calendar 宋朝时的吐蕃诸部 Era of Fragmentation of Tibet 西藏法王 Prince of Dharma 噶当派 Kadam 噶举派 Kagyu 格鲁派 Gelug 萨迦派 Sakya 宁玛派 Nyingma 觉囊派 Jonang 仲敦巴 Dromton 萨迦班智达 Sakya Pandita 八思巴 Phagpa 元大都 Khanbaliq或者Dadu 上都 Xanadu或者Shangdu 和林 Karakorum 王保保 Koke Temur 孛罗帖木儿 Bolad Temur

明清

明朝 Ming dynasty 明教 Manicheism 胡惟庸案 Hu Weiyong Case 蓝玉案 Lan Yu Case 风闻言事 Impeach with hearsay 大学士 Grand Secretariat 靖难之役 Incident of Jingnan 或者 Jingnan Campaign 燕王(朱棣)Prince of Yan 永乐盛世 Great Reign of Yong’le Emperor 永乐大典 Yong’le Encyclopedia 郑和下西洋 Zheng He’s Voyages 仁宣之治 Great Reigns of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Xuanzong 土木堡之变 Incident of Tumu Fortress 或者 Tumu Fortress Crisis 夺门之变 The Restoration of Emperor Yingzong 大礼仪之争 The Great Controversy of Rites 倭寇 Japanese Pirates 隆庆新政 Reform of Longqing Emperor 张居正改革 Zhang Juzheng’s Reform 俺答封贡 The Investiture of Altan Khan 或者 The Surrender of Tumod Mongols 万历中兴 Reign of Wanli Emperor 万历三大征 Three Great Military Campaigns of Wanli Emperor 明末三大案 Three Cases of the Ming Court 东林党争 Factional Movement of Donglin Society 汉地十八省 China Proper 北元 Northern Yuan 鞑靼 Tatar Mongols 瓦剌(卫拉特)Oriats Mongols 奴儿干都司 Nurgan Military Commission 乌斯藏都司 U-Tsang Military Commission 朵干都司 Do-Kham Military Commission(朵干是安多Amdo和康区Kham的合成) 帕木竹巴 Phagmodrupa 仁蚌巴 Rinpungpa 藏巴汗 Tsangpa 朝贡国 Tributary States 进贡 Pay the tribute 高丽 Goryeo 李氏朝鲜 Joseon 琉球王国 Ryukyu Kingdom 俺答汗 Altan Khan 蒙古左翼和右翼 Left Wing/Right Wing of Mongols 亦力把里(东察合台汗国,可以就叫Chagatai Khanate,但这个音其实就是伊犁)Ili-baliq 或者 Yili 叶尔羌汗国 Yarkand Khanate 或者 Yarkent Khanate 吐鲁番汗国 Turpan Khanate 土默特部 Tumod 哈密国 Kara Del 厂卫 Secret police agency of Ming dynasty 东厂 Eastern Depot 或者 Dongchang secret police agency 西厂 Western Depot 或者 Xichang secret police agency 李自成起义 Li Zicheng Uprising 郑成功 Kosinga 或者 Koxinga(”国姓爷”) 南明 Southern Ming 或者 Regimes of Ming Loyalists in the South 明史 History of Ming 明朝皇帝:一般有两套说法,一种是年号+Emperor,一种是Emperor + 庙号。比如朱元璋可以是Hongwu Emperor,也可以是Emperor Taizu of Ming;朱由检可以是Chongzhen Emperor,也可以是Emperor Sizong of Ming。 宗人府 Imperial Clan Court 清朝 Qing dynasty,Tsing dynasty 或者 Ching dynasty 满族 Manchus 满洲 Manchuria 爱新觉罗 Aisin Gioro 努尔哈赤 Nurhaci 皇太极 Hong Taiji 多铎 Prince Dodo 多尔衮 Dorgon 叶赫那拉 Yehe Nara 山海关 Shanhai Pass 林丹汗 Ligdan Khan 铁帽子王 Iron-Cup Princes 八旗制度: Eight Banners,具体的一般正xx旗是Plain,比如正红旗是Plain Red Banner,镶xx旗是Bordered,比如镶黄旗是Bordered Yellow Banner 内务府 Office of Imperial Household 扬州十日 Ten Days of Desperate in Yangzhou,Yangzhou Massacre 或者 Ten-day Massacre of Yangzhou(其实最常见的是第二种,第一种更好一些,因为massacre这个词比较诡异,比如美国的波士顿惨案、肯特州立大学惨案这种死了个位数人的也叫massacre,门槛貌似是死5个人左右,体现不出像扬州十日这样的大规模屠杀。扬州十日这个级别的事件应该有自己的专用名词,后面的南京大屠杀也同理,有叫Nanjing Massacre,也有叫专门的名字Rape of Nanjing) 三藩之乱 Revolt of Three Feudatories 鳌拜 Oboi 准噶尔汗国 Dzungar Khanate 噶尔丹 Galdan Boshugtu Khan 塔里木盆地 Tarim Basin 塔克拉玛干沙漠 Taklimakan Desert 或者 Taklamagan Desert 和硕特汗国 Khoshut Khanate 或者 Qoshot Khanate 喀尔喀蒙古 Khalkha Mongols 乌里雅苏台 Uliastai 唐努乌梁海 Tannu Uriankhai 宁古塔 Nimguta 康乾盛世 Great Reign of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors 或者 Great Reign of Three Emperors 四库全书 Complete Book Collection in Four Sections 军机处 Grand Council of State (originally for military emergencies) 军机大臣 Military Chancellor 或者 Shumi(其实就是枢密) 尼布楚条约 Treaty of Nerchinsk 文字狱 Literary Inquisition 汤若望 Johann Adam Schall von Bell 南怀仁 Ferdinand Verbist 大小和卓之乱 Rebellion of Altishahr Khojas 和珅 Niohuru Heshen 避暑山庄 Summer Mountain Resort in Chengde 鸦片战争 Opium War 南京条约 Treaty of Nanjing 割地 Cede 太平天国 Taiping Rebellion 天王(洪秀全)Heavenly King/Prince 捻军 Nian Rebellion 湘军 Xiang Army 或者 Hunan Army 第二次鸦片战争 Second Opium War 北京条约 Treaty of Peking 或者 Convention of Peking 商埠 Treaty ports 或者 Trading ports 租界 Concessions 中法战争 Sino-French War 洋务运动 Self-Strengthening Movement 汉阳兵工厂 Hanyang Arsenal 安庆内军械所 Anqing Imperial Arsenal 江南机器制造总局 Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau 左宗棠:一般就是Zuo Zongtang,但也有见过General Tso的 同治陕甘之变 Dungan Revolt 洪福汗国 Jetti Shahar Khanate 戊戌变法 Wuxu Reform 或者 Hundred-day Reform 北洋水师 Beiyang Fleet 甲午战争 First Sino-Japanese War 或者 War of Jiawu Year 马关条约 Treaty of Shimonoseki 三国干涉还辽 Triple Intervention 义和团 Boxers 八国联军 Eight-Nation Alliance 辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol 东南互保 Mutual Protection of Southeast China 慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Cixi 兴中会 Revive China Society 预备立宪 Constitutionalization Movement 辛亥革命 Xinhai Revolution 孙中山 Sun Yat-Sen 总督:Viceroy of + 地名,比如直隶总督是Viceroy of Zhili,两广总督是Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi,两江总督是Viceroy of Juangsu and Jiangxi 千总 Company commander of 1000 men 把总 Commander of 400 men 清朝皇帝:一般就是年号+Emperor,比如康熙是Kangxi Emperor,光绪是Guangxu Emperor。溥仪一般就叫Puyi比较多。 清史稿 Draft History of Qing

近代

安福系 the Anfu Party 八届二中全会 the second session of the Eighth Party Congress 白区 white area 白色恐怖 White Terror 百花齐放,百家争鸣 blooming and contending 北伐 the Northern Expedition 本地干部 local cadres 布尔什维克主义 Bolshevism 布哈林 Bukharin 长征 the Long March 大军 Great Army 大跃进 the Great Leap Forward(又作the Great Leap) 敌我矛盾 contradictions with the enemy 地方民族主义 local nationalism 地方主义 localism 地主 landlord 第一书记 Number One General Secretary 督军 Tuchun 独立王国 independent kingdom 鄂豫皖根据地 Hubei-Henan-Anhui Base Area 反党分子 anti-Party element 反地方主义运动 anti-localism campaign 反浪费,反保守运动 Movement against Waste and Conservation 反冒进 anti-reckless advance 反右 anti-rightist 芳泽谦吉 M. Yoshizawa 奉天 Mukden 符以德 Frei tas 福建 Fukien 富农 rich peasant 干部地方化 localization of cadres 根据地 base area 工团主义 syndicalism 共产主义化 communization 顾维钧 Wellington Koo 关余 the surplus funds from customs 广东 Canton 广东 Kwangtung 广东省第一届代表大会第二次会议 the Second Meeting of the First Guangdong Provincial Congress of the Chinese Communist Party 贵族院(日本) the House of Peers 国军 National Army 海南地方主义反党集团 the Hainan anti-Party localist group 海南军政委员会 Hainan Military and Political Committee 和风细雨 gentle breeze and mild rain 和平土改 peaceful land reform 红色娘子军 The Red Detachment of Women 呼图克图 Hutuktu 华南局 South China Bureau 华盛顿会议 Washington Conference 坏分子 bad element 基督将军 Christian General 加拉罕 Karakhan 加米涅夫 Lev Kamenev 加藤友三郎 Baron Kato 阶级斗争 class struggle 阶级路线 class line 经济主义 economism 抗日军政大学 Anti-Japanese Military and Political University 兰辛石井协定 Lansing-Ishii pact 旅顺 Arthur 满洲 Manchuria 满洲人 Manchurian 门户开放 open door 民主集中制 democratic centralism 命令主义 commandism 内田康哉 Yasuya Uchida 南京临时约法 Provisional Constitution of Nanking 南洋兄弟烟草公司 Nanyang Brothers 农业合作社 Agricultural Producer's Cooperative 贫农 poor peasant 平反 rehabilitation 琼崖抗日军事政治干部学校 the Hainan Anti-Japanese Military and Political Cadre School 琼崖纵队 Hainan Column 群众路线 mass line 人民内部矛盾 contradictions among the people 日俄战争 Russo-Japanese War 三反运动 Three Antis Campaign 施肇基 Dr.Alfred Sze 舒尔曼 Jacob Gould Schurman 双反运动 Double Anti Campaign 司徒雷登 Dr.J.Leighton Stuart 四川 Szechwan 四野 Fourth Field Army 统一战线 United Front 土地改革 land reform 托洛茨基 Leon Trotsky 外交团 Diplomatic Corps 外来干部 outside cadres 外蒙 Outer Mongolia 文化大革命 the Cultural Revolution 五卅运动 the May 30th Movement 西北局 Northwest Party Bureau 下院 the Lower House 小匈牙利事件 miniature Hungarian incident 辛丑条约 Protocol of 1901 颜惠庆 Dr.W.W.Yen 样板戏 Model Opera 一五计划 First Five Year Plan 右倾保守主义 right conservatism 右倾机会主义者 right opportunist 增产节约运动 production increase and austerity movement 张家口 Kalgan 镇反 suppression of counterrevolutionaries 镇守使 Defense Commissioner at... 整风 rectification 整改 rectification and improvement 政治局 Politburo 政治野心家 political careerist 治病救人 save the patient 中东路 Chinese Eastern Railway 中国佬 Chink(极具侮辱性的词汇) 中华全国基督教协进会 National Christian Council of China 中农 middle peasant 中央苏区 the Central Soviet Base Area 主观主义 subjectivism 自力更生 self-reliance 左倾教条主义 leftist doctrinairism 九一八事变 September 18th Incident 七七事变(卢沟桥事变)July 7th Incident (Lugou Bridge Incident) 淞沪会战 Battle of Shanghai 武汉会战 Battle of Wuhan 百团大战 Hundred-Regiment Campaign 平型关大捷 Battle of Pingxingguan; victory atPingxingguan 台儿庄大捷 Battle of Tai'erzhuang; victory at Tai'erzhuang 持久战 protracted war 游击战 guerrilla warfare 运动战 mobile warfare 地道战 tunnel warfare 地雷战 landmine warfare 细菌战 germ warfare 化学战 chemical warfare 解放区 liberated area 游击区 guerrilla area 敌占区(沦陷区)enemy-occupied area; occupied area “三光”政策(烧光、杀光、抢光):”Three Alls”policy (kill all, burn all, loot all) “扫荡” “mopping-up”operation “蚕食” “gnawing-away”operation “清乡” “pacification” operation

其它

谥号 Posthumous name (比如汉武帝的武、晋元帝的元) 庙号 Temple name(比如唐太宗的太宗、元世祖的世祖) 年号 Era name 或者 Reign name(比如贞观、嘉靖、康熙) 尊号 Regnal name(比如武则天的则天) 姓 Surname 或者 Family name 氏(先秦)Secondary surname 或者 Clan name (比如孔子姓是子,氏是孔) 名 Given name 字 Courtesy name 或者 Style name 号 Art name 名讳 True name 乳名 Birth name 法号 Dharma name 训名 School name 避讳 Taboo of names 爵位 Nobility rank 太子 Crown Prince 九爵 Nine orders of nobility 亲王 Prince 郡王 Prefecture/Commandery Prince 国公 Duke 郡公 Prefecture/Commandery Duke 县公 County/District Duke 侯爵 Marquis 伯爵 Count 子爵 Viscount 男爵 Baron 世袭的 Hereditary 封建 to enfeoff 皇后 Empress 妃 Consort 或 highly-ranked imperial concubines 品秩 Grade/Rank in the Bureaucracy 正一品 First Rank Officials 从一品 Sub-First Rank Officials 正四品上 Upper Fourth Rank Official 正四品下 Lower Fourth Rank Official 从四品上 Upper Sub-Fourth Rank Official 从四品下 Lower Sub-Fourth Rank Official 另外官品还有一种简记法,比如正一品是1a,从一品是1b,正四品上是4a,正四品下是4a’,从四品上是4b,从四品下是4b’ 奉朝请 People who qualified for imperial audiences 千牛卫 Imperial personal guard 千牛备身 Swordsmen in the personal guard 食邑 Feudatory land 官 Bureaucrat 吏 Government staff 四民 Four occupations(士农工商分别是gentry scholars,peasants,craftsmen以及merchants) 军阀的派系 Clique of xxx 凌迟 Death by a thousand cuts 或者就叫 Lingchi 然后解释是一种cruel execution 腰斩 Death by cutting the waist 绞刑 Death by hanging 车裂 Death by dismembering the body 廷杖 Tingzhang, a type of punishment that the guilty official would be spanked by wooden planks 流放 Be banished/exiled to + 地名 追封 Posthumous enfeoffment 钦差大臣 Imperial government inspector 监正 Supervisor of xxx directorate 诏书 Edict 奏章 Memorial to the emperor 俸禄 Salary for imperial officials 中央集权 Centralization of authority 龙袍 Panlong Robe 或者 Chinese Imperial Dragon Robe 衙门 Administrative Office 中书令 Secretariat Director 中书舍人 Secretariat Drafter 中书门下 Secretariat-Chancellery 同中书门下平章事 Joint Manager of Affairs with the Secretariat-Chancellery 中散大夫 Grand Master of Palace Leisure 大理寺 Imperial Court of Justice 鸿卢寺 Office of Foreign Affairs 光禄寺 Office of Imperial Kitchen 著作局 Editorial office 转运使 Transport Commissioner 处置使 Supervisory Commissioner, an official that arranges and disposes of matters 黜陟使 Personnel Evaluation Commissioner, an official that evaluates, promotes or demotes other officials 国子监 Directorate of Education 将作院 Imperial Manufactories Commission 御史台 Censorate 法司 Judicial office 翰林院 Hanlin Academy, an organization in the central court with scholars who did drafting and editing works for the emperor 京兆尹 Metropolitan governor of capital city 教坊司 Imperial office of music 东宫 The House of Crown Prince 或者 The Eastern Palace for Crown Prince 谏议大夫 Supervisory officer 光禄大夫 Grand Master of the Palace 其中金紫光禄大夫在后面加with golden seal and purple ribbon,银青光禄大夫在后面加with silver seal and blue ribbon 假节:一般说Jiajie,然后解释,an official with a special warrant/permission to represent the emperor 主簿 Recorder 或者 assistant magistrate 主书 Assistant drafters 主事 Director/secretary of xxx section in xxx ministry 主司 Examiner 或者 recruiter,相当于古代政府的HR 漕运:一般来说就是Caoyun,然后解释是 ground and water transportation operated/controlled by the government 茶马交易 Tea-Horse Trade 羁縻制度 Jimi system (A special type of administrative system enforced by Tang and Song dynasties in remote areas where hereditary tribal rulers receive duties from the central court while keeping the high degree of autonomy),和后来明朝的土司制度相似 Tusi system (土司本人有时翻译成Chieftains或者Local headmen) 进士 Nominees who passed the highest-level Imperial Examinations (court exams 殿试),有地方直接说是Jnshi(复数Jinshies)并解释是Imperial examination graduates,其中进士及第是distinguished jinshies,进士出身是xxx with jinshi background,同进士出身是along with jinshi background 贡士 Nominees who passed the national-level Imperial Examinations 举人 Recommendees/nominees who passed the local-level (provincial-level) Imperial Examinations 秀才/生员 Scholars/Educated people (qualified for local-level Imperial Examinations) 童生 Scholars haven’t qualified for the local-level Imperial Examinations 冈仁波齐 Mount Kailash 葱岭 Pamir Plateau 兴都库什山 Hindukush Mountains 燕然山 Khangai Mountains 华阳国志 Chronicles of Huayang 三字经 Three Character Classic 百家姓 Hundred Family Surnames 千字文 Thousand Character Classic

对于以上历史词汇翻译,

如果你有更加权威的译法,

或者有任何建议,欢迎留言区和我们分享~

来源:知乎@Shan Ye、豆瓣@苍庐、天堂君

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