自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理.docx

1、自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 基本概念1.1the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a langu

2、age that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3sound an

3、d form ： 1.4vocabulary1.5classification of words词汇分类Chapter 2 DevelopmentIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European

4、 印欧语2.2 Historical review 历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary2.4 Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentChapter 3 Word Formation3.1 Morphemes 词素 Definition: These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of

5、 words.词素是“构词中最小功能单位”。3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。 morpheme3.3 Types of

6、Morphemes3.4 Root and StemThe affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素Chapter 4 Word-formationWord formation 构词的方式4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclasses（子类）:Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivation

7、al affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。4.1.1 Prefixation 前缀法 we shall c

8、lassify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups我们可以在语义基础上将前缀分为九类Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。 4.1.2 Suffixation 后缀法Suf

9、fixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 后

10、缀法是在词干加上后缀来构成新词。不像主要改变词干意义的前缀，后缀的只有很小语义作用，其主要功能是改变词干的语法功能。换句话说，他们主要是改变词性。 4.2 Compounding 复合法 Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one s

11、tem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. 复合法，同样也被称作合成法,是指由两个或者更多的词干相结合而构成的新词，此种方式形成的词被称为复合词。所以，复合词是“由多于一个以上的词干组成的，同时具有一个词的语法功能和意义功能的词汇单位”。4.2.1 Characteristics of Compounds 复合词的特征Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:复合词和自由词组不同于三个方面4.4.2 F

12、ormation of Compounds复合词的形成 4.3 Conversion 转化法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Conversion is generally considered to be

13、 a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation.转类法是将一种词类转化为另一种词类构成新词的方法。这些词在语法意义上是新词。既然这些词在形态结 构上不便，只在功能上有变化，这一转类过程也叫做功能转换。一般认为，转类法是单词不添加词缀而直接 转化为一个新词的派生构词的过程。这一过程由于不加词缀，所以又称零派生。4.4 blending 拼缀法，混合

14、词blends fall into four major groups:Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。 以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼级词。4.5 Clipping截短法，删减法There are

15、 four common types of clipping:Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. 另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。4.6 Acronym 首字母缩词法4.7 Back-formation 逆构法Back-formation is considered t

16、o be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆构法被认为是后缀法的相反过程。由逆构法生成的词多半是动词。Formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes Style: informal 非正式通过消除假想的后缀的方法来构词的方式4.8 words from proper nouns 专有名词转化而来的词Style: vivid, impressive, thought-provoki

17、ng 生动，印象深刻，发人深省的定义模式：its the formation of new words by doing(doing是主要动词，可替换为add, cut, join/combine, change)分类：1)词的自身长度变化(变形)：加减法 加：affixation，减：clipping, back-formation2)词间组合：整体组合：compound; 部分组合：blending; 字母组合：acronymy3)词的自身变化:变性:conversion; 变态/变位:words from proper names (普通化/特殊变为普通)Chapter 5 Word M

18、eaning 词义5.1 Meanings of meaningWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 词只是符号，许多词只有获得参照后才有意义。参照是语言与周围世界的关系。Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both relate

19、d directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与参照相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。Generally speaking, the meaning of meaning is perhaps what is termed sense. Unlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language. Every word that-has

20、 meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 一般来说，意义的意义也许就是“语感” 。不像参照，“语感”表示的是语言内部的关系。有意义的每个词都有语感，但并不是每个词都有参照物。5.2 Motivation 动机Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 动机是语言符号和它意义之间的关系。5.3 Types of Meaning 意义的类型Word-meaning is not monogeneous but a

21、composite consisting of different parts. These are known in familiar terms as different types of meaning. 词义并非是成分单一的，而是由不同部分组合的复合物。这些在熟悉的术语中通常称作不同类型的意义。Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field 语义关系和语义场sense relations语义关系6.1 Polysemy 歧义Definition:the words with more than one senses or which can b

22、e used to express more meanings 一词多义。6.1.1Two approches to Polysemy: 歧义的两个角度6.1.2 Two Processes of Development: 发展的两个过程6.2 homonymy 同音异义Definition: words have different meanings but identical sounds or spelling 声音拼写相同意义不同。6.2.1 Types of Homonyms 同音异义的种类 6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms ：changes in sound an

23、d spelling; Borrowing; Shortening 同音异义的起源 声音和拼写的变化，借词，缩短6.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同音异义词和歧义词的区别 6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms ：create puns for desired effect - humour, sarcasm, ridicule 同音异义词的修饰特点 为预期的效果制造双关语幽默，讽刺，嘲笑 6.3 Synonymy 同义词6.3.1 Definition of Synonyms 同义词定义Syn

24、onyms can be defined as word different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.同义词可定义为在读音和拼写上不同但在意义却很相似或完全一样的词。6.3.2 Types of Synonyms 同义词的类型 6.3.3 Sources of Synonyms 同义词的来源6.3.4 Discrimination of Synonyms 同义词的辨别6.4 Antonymy 反义词6.4.1Types of Antonyms 反义词的类型6.4.2 S

25、ome of the Characteristics of Antonyms 反义词的一些特征 6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用6.5 Hyponymy 上下位关系Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.上下义关系涉及语义包容的关系。也就是说，一个更具体的词的意义被包含在另外一个更一般的的词的意义之

26、中。6.6 Semantic Field 语义场Definiton: word store is composed around a number of meaning areas. 围绕着一定数量的意义区域构成。Function: words in each field define one another. 每个语义场中的词语义关联和定义其他的。Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning 词义的变化7.1Types of Changes 变化类型7.2 Causes of Changes 变化原因7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors 语言以外

27、的因素7.2.2 Linguistic Factors 语言因素：shortend phrase; borrowings; competition of native words; analogy 短语，借词，本地词竞争，类推Chapter 8 Meaning & Context 意义和背景8.1 Types of Context 背景类型 8.1.1Extra-linguistic Context non-linguistic situation, cultural background 非语言背景 非语言状况，文化背景8.1.2 Linguistic Context 8.2 The Rol

28、e of Context 背景的功能8.2.1 Elimination of Ambiguity 歧义的消除8.2.2 Indication of Referents 指代物的说明8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 推导词义的线索供应Chapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idiomidioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with t

29、he native cultures and ideas. Strictly speaking， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. In a broad sense，idioms may include colloquialisms，catchphrases， slang expressions，proverbs，etc.习语由固定的短语和短句组成，它们是所涉及的语言所独有的，而且带有本族的文化和观念。严格来

30、讲，习语是不能从其个体成分的文字意思立即理解其意义的，从广义上讲，习语可以包括口语词、时髦词、俚语、谚语等。9.1 Characteristics of Idioms 习语的特点9.1.1 Semantic Unity 语义的整体性9.1.2 Structural Stability 结构稳定性9.2Classification of IdiomsThe standard of Classification of idioms is The criterion of grammatical function.习语的分类标准是语法功能的标准9.3 Use of Idioms 习语的使用 Chap

31、ter 10 English Dictionary 英语词典10.1 Types of Dictionaries 字典的种类 10.2 Use of Dictionaries 词典的使用 10.3 Three Good General Dictionaries 三种最好的普通词典10.3.1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) New Edition (1987) 朗曼当代词典新版（1987）10.3.2Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (CCELD) (1987)柯林斯合作英语词典10.3.3 A Chinese-English Dic