OOPS Concepts in Python with Real

Python has been ranked as one of the most popular programming languages in recent years. As a result, the demand for Python developers is multiplying. According to a recent study, more than 9,000 remote Python jobs are currently available. This means that the need for skilled Python developers, who know the language well, is growing rapidly. If you wish to pursue a career as a Python developer you must understand the fundamentals of OOPs concepts in Python with real-time examples.

The term ‘Object Oriented Programming’ (OOP) in relation to Python has attracted much attention over the years in the tech industry. In this blog, we will give you a detailed overview of OOPs in Python and simplify this concept for your better understanding.

Table of Contents

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a robust model that enables users to link every feature of a program with real-world objects or concepts. It helps to write more organized and reusable codes. For example, we can create a modular code using classes and objects which can be easily tested and debugged. Python is an OOPs language making it ideal for developing various applications.

OOP comprises five essential concepts, they are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and classes and objects. They are discussed below in detail:

A class is also known as a blueprint. It is used for developing objects. The following are the properties of classes: 

The instance of a class is referred to as an object. This instance has its own set of properties. It is also capable of performing actions using methods.

Benefits of Classes

Classes offer several benefits. Some of them are:

Here is an example of a class in Python:

    def A(self):        return self.wd * self.ht

    def P(self):        return 2 * (self.wd + self.ht)

Encapsulation is the technique of binding data and methods within a single class. It is implemented using access modifiers. Python classes have the following modifiers:

These access modifiers determine the accessibility of a class’s properties and methods. They prevent unwanted modification outside of the class.

Benefits Of Encapsulation

Some of the benefits offered by Encapsulation include:

Here is an example of encapsulation in Python:

    def get_name(self):        return self.__name

    def set_name(self, new_name):        self.__name = new_name

    def get_age(self):        return self.__age

    def set_age(self, new_age):        if new_age < 0:            print(“Age cannot be negative.”)        else:            self.__age = new_age

    def get_email(self):        return self.__email

    def set_email(self, new_email):        self.__email = new_email

Deriving a new class from an existing one is known as inheritance. Inheritance has the following properties:

Benefits of Inheritance

Inheritance offers several benefits, such as: 

You can pursue a Python course if you want to understand inheritance and other Python OOPs concepts easily. 

Example of Inheritance in Python:

    # Constructor    def __init__(self, name):        self.name = name

    # To get name    def getName(self):        return self.name

    # To check if this person is an employee    def isEmployee(self):        return False

# Inherited or Subclass (Note Person in bracket)class Employee(Person):

    # Here we return true    def isEmployee(self):        return True

# Driver codeemp = Person(“Demo1”)  # An Object of Personprint(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())

emp = Employee(“Demo2”)  # An Object of Employeeprint(emp.getName(), emp.isEmployee())

Polymorphism allows us to perform a single action in different ways. It allows us to have more than one method with the same name, as long as they have different parameters. Some features of polymorphism are:

Benefits of Polymorphism

It provides the following benefits:

Example of Polymorphism in Python

    def talk(self):        pass

class Dog(A):    def talk(self):        print(‘Wooof!’)

class Cat(A):    def talk(self):        print(‘Meoww!’)

def make_A_talk(A):    A.talk()

my_dog = Dog(‘Rufus’)make_A_talk(my_dog)

my_cat = Cat(‘Fluffy’)make_A_talk(my_cat)

Abstraction allows us to focus on what the object does instead of how it does it. Some of the features of abstraction are:

Benefits of Abstraction

Abstraction provides several benefits, such as:

Example of Abstraction in Python

class Polygon(ABC):

@abstractmethoddef noofsides(self):pass

class Triangle(Polygon):

# overriding abstract methoddef noofsides(self):print(“I have 3 sides”)

class Pentagon(Polygon):

# overriding abstract methoddef noofsides(self):print(“I have 5 sides”)

class Hexagon(Polygon):

# overriding abstract methoddef noofsides(self):print(“I have 6 sides”)

class Quadrilateral(Polygon):

# overriding abstract methoddef noofsides(self):print(“I have 4 sides”)

# Driver codeR = Triangle()R.noofsides()

K = Quadrilateral()K.noofsides()

R = Pentagon()R.noofsides()

K = Hexagon()K.noofsides()

The major differences between Object Oriented Programming in Python and Procedural Oriented Programming are listed below:

Some of the real-time examples of OOPs are:

Classes and Objects

An example of classes and objects can be a bookstore inventory. To manage your bookstore inventory efficiently, use a class called ‘Book’ with attributes like title, author, publisher, genre, and price. Create objects of this class for each book in your inventory with their specific attributes. This will help you organize and manage your inventory effectively. Each object represents a single book, making it easy to search for specific titles or authors and update the inventory as needed.

Encapsulation

Banking System is the perfect example of encapsulation. Banks use encapsulation to protect sensitive customer data. It wraps the private methods or variables. They can only be accessed through public methods with proper authentication.

Inheritance

Inheritance allows a child class to inherit the features and characteristics of its parent class. For example, an e-commerce website can create a Parent Product class and then derive multiple Child Product classes from it, like books, electronics, and clothes. This can help to reuse the common traits and manners of the Parent Product class.

Polymorphism

A music app can use polymorphism to play different audio. It will use a class named Player with a method named play(). It will accept different arguments depending on the format type. The application will be able to handle various formats seamlessly. You won’t have to create new methods or classes for each format.

Abstraction

Let’s take an example of an online food ordering system. It can use abstraction to hide the complex performance details of a Payment Gateway class from the users. It only needs to showcase the methods and properties necessary for making the payments.

We learned what is oops concept in Python and how it is crucial for building robust and scalable applications. These concepts, when used effectively, can help you write efficient and modular code in Python. Now that we have discussed these concepts in detail, start practicing and exploring them and take your programming skills to the next level.