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幼年型皮肌炎特异性抗体研究进展

2024-07-11 14:43| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021 Oct 15; 23(10): 1064–1068. Chinese. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2106011PMCID: PMC8549643PMID: 34719424

Language: Chinese | English

幼年型皮肌炎特异性抗体研究进展Recent research on myositis-specific autoantibodies in juvenile dermatomyositis何 璐, 综述 华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿科, ,湖北 武汉 430030何 璐

华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿科, ,湖北 武汉 430030

Find articles by 何 璐Reviewed by 胡 秀芬, 审校胡 秀芬

华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿科, ,湖北 武汉 430030

Find articles by 胡 秀芬Guest Editor (s): 邓 芳明Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer胡秀芬,女,教授。Email:moc.361@7002uhfx。 何璐,女,硕士研究生,住院医师。Received 2021 Jun 4; Accepted 2021 Aug 9.PMC Copyright notice Abstract

幼年型皮肌炎(juvenile dermatomyositis,JDM)是以近端肌无力和皮疹为主要临床表现的自身免疫疾病,亦可累及多系统、多脏器。肌炎特异性抗体(myositis-specific autoantibodies,MSA)与JDM患者的并发症及预后高度相关。抗Mi-2抗体阳性患者预后较好,临床症状典型;抗MDA5抗体阳性患者多伴发弥漫性间质性肺疾病及皮肤溃疡,肌炎症状轻;抗NXP2抗体阳性患者易合并钙质沉着,该抗体与胃肠出血及穿孔相关;抗TIF1-γ抗体阳性患者有弥漫、顽固的皮损表现;抗SAE抗体在儿童中检出率较低,相关报道较少。该文综述了5种MSA亚型JDM患者的临床表型特点,为JDM患儿的临床治疗和随访管理提供依据。

Keywords: 幼年型皮肌炎, 血清学抗体, 抗Mi-2抗体, 抗MDA5抗体, 抗NXP2抗体, 抗TIF1-γ抗体, 抗SAE抗体, 临床表型, 儿童Abstract

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune disease manifesting as proximal muscle weakness and skin rash and can involve multiple systems and visceral organs. Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are highly associated with various complications and prognosis in JDM. Patients with anti-Mi-2 antibodies tend to have good prognosis and typical clinical symptoms. Patients with anti-MDA5 antibodies often have diffuse interstitial lung disease and skin ulcer, with mild symptoms of myositis. Patients with anti-NXP2 antibodies often have calcinosis, and such antibodies are associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation. Patients with anti-TIF1-γ antibodies have diffuse and refractory skin lesions. Anti-SAE antibodies are rarely detected in children, with few reports of such cases. This article reviews the features of clinical phenotypes in JDM children with these five types of MSAs, so as to provide a basis for the clinical treatment and follow-up management of children with JDM.

Keywords: Juvenile dermatomyositis, Serological antibody, Anti-Mi-2 antibody, Anti-MDA5 antibody, Anti-NXP2 antibody, Anti-SAE antibody, Anti-TIF1-γ antibody, Clinical phenotype, Child

幼年型皮肌炎(juvenile dermatomyositis,JDM)是一种以横纹肌及皮肤为主的急性或慢性非化脓性炎症。每年发病率约为3.2/100万,以4~14岁儿童为主,男女比例约为1∶2[1],近端肌肉无力和典型的皮疹为临床上的突出表现,亦可累及肺、胃肠道和心脏等脏器,可合并肿瘤,给患儿的身心造成重大威胁[1-2]。目前JDM的诊断标准仍沿用1975年Bohan和Peter的版本[2]。2015年,Betteridge等[3]提出将肌炎特异性抗体(myositis-specific autoantibodies,MSA)作为肌炎诊断的重要指标。2017年,欧洲风湿病联盟和美国风湿病学会发布了成人和青少年特发性炎症性肌病新的分类标准[4],标准中强调了以后的更新应包括除抗Jo-1抗体外新的MSA在特发性炎症性肌病诊断和分类中扮演的角色。

不同类型的MSA与一些特定的临床表现具有相关性。肌炎症状、肌酶高低、病理活检评分、皮损位置及严重程度、并发症等在不同的MSA亚型中呈现一定规律性,从而不同的MSA亚型在临床诊疗、随访中应有不同的侧重点。本文将目前发现的JDM的主要MSA的研究进展进行综述,旨在指导儿科医生根据MSA亚型,对JDM患儿作出合理的治疗干预,并为其随访管理提供参考依据,以提高患儿的生存质量,延长生存时间。

1. JDM的发病机制及MSA的产生

JDM的发病机制尚不明确,普遍认同是多种环境因素介导下,遗传易感人群出现的一种自身免疫病,本质可能为一种血管炎。JDM患儿肌肉活检示肌束膜血管周围围绕着大量的CD4+ T细胞和吞噬细胞、B细胞[5]。主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)Ⅱ类分子抗原刺激CD4+ T细胞活化,间接验证了JDM与某些人类白细胞抗原II类基因的联系,同时支持了CD4+ T细胞在免疫反应中的驱动作用[6-7]。CD4+CD28-是一种直接浸润肌肉T细胞,可分泌大量的炎性细胞因子和细胞毒性分子,例如穿孔素和颗粒酶B,对肌细胞造成直接损伤,且由于活跃度低,对促细胞凋亡药物及免疫抑制剂不敏感[7]。调节T细胞的减少或功能缺失导致包括辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17,Th17)在内的促炎T细胞增多,使整个T细胞功能转为促炎状态,Th17细胞释放的白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17进一步触发Th1细胞因子释放IL-2、IL-1、IL-6、IL-15,诱导肌肉纤维上MHC Ⅰ类分子表达增加,从而使杀伤性T细胞发挥作用[5-6]。

补体的异常激活,1型干扰素(type I interferons,IFN-I)的异常上调[8]被证实在JDM的免疫活化过程中发挥作用,持续的IFN反应与多种自身免疫性疾病(包括皮肌炎)有关,由此活化的T细胞和B细胞可能与自身抗体的产生有关[1,9]。幼稚B细胞通常与Th细胞相互作用激活,产生具备高亲和力的效应B细胞和记忆B细胞[10-12]。患者筋膜周区域的肌纤维中B细胞活化因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)[10]高度表达被认为是产生自身抗体的关键,BAFF是B细胞在最后阶段分化为浆细胞从而产生抗体的必要因子。补体的异常激活可能依赖于这些抗体,最终C5-9补体构成的膜攻击复合体导致细胞损伤或死亡[5]。

2. JDM患者的MSA

在JDM患者中,目前发现的主要的MSA有5种,分别为抗Mi-2抗体、抗黑色素瘤分化相关基因5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5,MDA5)抗体、抗转录中介因子1-γ(transcription intermediary factor 1-γ,TIF1-γ)抗体、抗核基质蛋白2(nuclear matrix protein 2,NXP2)抗体、抗小泛素样修饰物激活酶(small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme,SAE)抗体。

2.1. 抗Mi-2抗体

Mi-2抗原是核小体重构去乙酰化复合体的一部分,针对Mi-2抗原有2种抗Mi-2抗体,即抗Mi-2α抗体和抗Mi-2β抗体,由Targoff等[13]在1985年首次报道,JDM儿童其阳性率为4%~10%。抗Mi-2抗体与光敏性高度相关,抗Mi-2抗体阳性患儿多呈现经典皮肤表现,如Heliotrope疹、Gottron丘疹、V领征、披肩征等[14]。钙质沉着和溃疡性血管病变等严重皮肤损害少见[15]。抗Mi-2抗体肌炎表现典型,且抗Mi-2滴度、血清中的肌酸激酶水平和肌肉活检病理中肌纤维坏死程度之间存在直接正相关[16]。但从预后来说,此抗体似乎扮演一种保护角色,因为此亚型患儿临床治疗时间较其他MSA亚型患儿相比显著缩短,临床缓解率高达75%[17]。良好的预后目前推测可能与再生肌肉中抗Mi-2抗体高表达[15]相关。弥漫性间质性肺疾病(diffuse interstitial lung disease,DILD)和肿瘤的发生率在抗Mi-2α阴性但抗Mi-2β阳性患者有升高趋势[14],但无更多临床研究验证其相关性。总体上,抗Mi-2抗体阳性的儿童患者预后较好。利妥昔单抗治疗皮肌炎的临床数据显示,此抗体组干扰素趋化因子评分和临床表现有显著降低和缓解[18],利妥昔单抗可成为抗Mi-2阳性患儿的首选治疗方案。

2.2. 抗TIF1-γ抗体

TIF1是一种肿瘤支持蛋白,负责调节转录,抑制肿瘤,TIF1蛋白3个亚基(α、β和γ)对应了相应的自身抗体,抗TIF1-γ是皮肌炎患者中最常见的针对性抗体[19]。JDM儿童其阳性率为18%~35%,是JDM患者中第一常见抗体[1]。抗TIF1-γ抗体皮肤主要病理类型为角质层过度生长[15],皮肤表现包括Gottron丘疹、溃疡和皮下水肿。V领征、银屑病样病变、色素减退伴毛细血管扩张、卵圆形腭斑也较常见[15,20],病变部位多位于大小关节及颊部[21],总体皮肤表现呈现弥漫性、难治性、慢性化的趋势,但钙质沉着少见。抗TIF1-γ抗体肌炎症状主要为肌无力及脂肪营养不良,部分伴有肌痛,醛缩酶和肌酸激酶水平相对较低[15,22],与成人不同,吞咽困难的发生率在儿童的单中心研究中为0%,与该抗体阴性组相当[21]。患者体细胞中肿瘤TIF1家族基因的发现,可能可以解释该亚型患者并发恶性肿瘤的原因[23],其患癌风险与年龄显著相关,38%~71%的成人患者合并肿瘤[1]。抗TIF1-γ抗体滴度不能反映恶性肿瘤的风险率,但可以反映疾病活动度及监测肿瘤疗效和复发[24]。儿童患者未见合并肿瘤的报道。其他临床表现,如雷诺现象、关节痛、DILD在此亚型中少见[15,20]。此亚型患儿临床缓解率最低,仅62.5%,复发率高达33.3%[17]。

2.3. 抗MDA5抗体

MDA5是一种RNA特异性解旋酶,参与抗病毒免疫应答[25]。JDM儿童其阳性率为7%~12%,亚洲人群其阳性率相对较高[1]。抗MDA5抗体阳性患者的皮肤表现和血管病变密切相关,有JDM患儿合并严重闭塞性血管坏死的病例报道[26]。患者皮肤表现包括溃疡、手掌丘疹、弥漫性脱发、伴疼痛的口腔溃疡、脂膜炎[25,27]。溃疡常伴穿孔及角化过度的厚壳,指腹或甲周多见;手掌丘疹于指掌或指间关节的皱褶处多见,常伴疼痛。有研究表明,儿童患者较成人患者皮肤缓解率高[25]。此亚型患者症状最轻,肌酸激酶水平甚至低于MSA阴性组,该抗体在无肌病性皮肌炎(clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis,CADM)中阳性率高[27],早期极易漏诊。但有研究表明,25% CADM患儿最终发展为肌肉受累[1,28]。该抗体与抗Jo-1抗体类似,是并发DILD的独立危险因素,尤其是快速进展性DILD[1,28]。患者多无呼吸道症状及肺部阳性体征,胸部CT表现以小叶间隔增厚、磨玻璃密度改变为主,重症患者容易合并气胸及纵隔气肿[29]。一项Mata分析显示,抗MDA5抗体阳性患儿合并DILD风险是阴性患儿119.29倍[30],5年生存率低至56%[25]。抗MDA5抗体易发生关节炎及发热,可合并巨噬细胞活化综合征[27]。此外,1例病例报告报道了抗MDA5与心脏Ⅱ级传导阻滞的联系,扩宽了此亚型的临床表现[31]。霉酚酸酯被发现可降低前纤维化细胞因子的表达[25],是DILD患儿在皮质类固醇治疗基础上的优先选择,亦有托法替尼成功治疗此类患儿的病例报道[32],但应预防严重的全身感染。

2.4. 抗NXP2抗体

NXP2是一种参与多种功能的核基质蛋白,包括调节转录和RNA代谢[33]。最早是在儿童中发现,是JDM患者中第二常见抗体,阳性率为20%~25%,发病的中位年龄为6岁[1,28]。10%患儿确诊时出现钙质沉着,50%在病程中出现,钙质沉着发生率与发病年龄呈负相关,即发病年龄越小,钙质沉着发生率越高[17]。抗NXP2抗体阳性JDM患儿主要表现为肌肉萎缩,可出现频繁且严重的肌无力、肌痛及吞咽困难,肌肉活检显示为微血管梗死、缺血性肌纤维及毛细血管丢失[34]。在JDM患儿的随访研究中,此亚型患儿在2年间的住院次数较频繁,肌肉功能状态也较差[15]。其肌病的实质是继发于血管病变引起的肌肉缺血,故消化道出血发生率高,穿孔率高,位置多位于腹膜后的十二指肠,临床易误诊,病死率较高。Oddis等[35]首次在儿童中描述了肠道血管炎和抗NXP2抗体之间的联系。许瑛杰等[36]报道了4例严重胃肠道受累的JDM患儿,仅有1例在自体干细胞移植术后完全缓解,其余3例均因感染、出血、手术等原因死亡。同抗TIF1-γ抗体类似,抗NXP2抗体成人患者的患癌的风险虽增加了3.68倍[37],但在儿童患者中未见合并肿瘤的报道。预后研究发现抗NXP2抗体阳性的JDM患者复发率最高,为43%[17]。在吞咽困难和类固醇耐药的患者中,静脉注射免疫球蛋白疗法已显示明确有效[38]。

2.5. 抗SAE抗体

抗SAE抗体以小泛素样修饰物1激活酶的A和B亚基为靶点,是最新发现的MSA,欧洲儿童JDM患者阳性率为6%~8%,亚洲儿童为2%[39]。抗SAE抗体阳性患者皮肤表现多为典型的向阳疹、Gottron征。有持续性皮肤溃疡的病例报道[40],但两者关系尚未明确,在此病例中最终依靠静脉注射丙种球蛋白成功改善症状。抗SAE抗体阳性JDM患者症状轻微,随着疾病的进程出现肌无力和肌痛。我国的一项回顾性研究发现,患者最初的皮疹到肌炎发作的中位间隔时间为3.5个月,且与该抗体阴性组相比,阳性组皮肌炎发病的平均年龄更高,吞咽困难的发生频率更高[41]。Kishi等[42]报道了第1例抗SAE抗体阳性的JDM患儿合并DILD,此病例为慢性非进展性DILD,仅有干咳表现,通过影像学证实。我国的研究发现有个例患者伴有肺动脉高压,但是却不能有效地用DILD的严重程度来解释[41]。发热、体重减轻等全身症状常见,但这部分人群与恶性肿瘤的关系尚不清楚。值得注意的是,抗SAE抗体的存在被发现与羟基氯喹药物的暴露有关[43]。

3. 结语

综上所述,MSA与JDM患儿临床表现相关,了解MSA与JDM患儿临床表现的关联性,对患儿的治疗、预后判断及随访重点有所帮助。我们仍需要更多的临床研究去寻找MSA与临床表现的关联。但我们面临的挑战远不止于此,如相当比例的JDM患者仍存在“血清学空白”,临床实验室检测MSA的敏感性和特异性存在差异,患儿血清中存在双抗体共存现象时,其对应临床表现的复杂性,这对于MSA的研究提出了更高的要求。

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