2009年考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析

　　考研英语中新题型是一种以快速阅读为完成条件的阅读类题型补充，主要是考查考生对连贯性、一致性等文章结构的理解，因此新题型的解答需要理解文章的短路大意，新题型每年都是大家比较担心的失分点，所以大家还是要多做题来熟悉题型套路，好轻松考研小编整理了2009年考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析，希望对大家有帮助。

       Part B

　　Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time,advancing toward perfection. 41_____.

　　American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42_____.

　　In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43_____.

　　Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44_____.

　　Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45_____.

　　Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture- known as functionalism- became a major theme in European， and especially British,anthropology.

　　[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

　　[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

　　[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fttest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

　　[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.

　　[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families,forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

　　[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collction of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

　　[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming,pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

       答案解析：

　　41. [答案] [C]

　　[解析]这个空出现在段的末尾， 而-段讲的是 Herbert Spencer的theory of biological and cultural evolution (生物和文化进化理论)，并且提到了Charles Darwin, Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s (与19世纪60年代英国博物学家查尔斯达尔文提出开创性的生物进化理论相一致)。我们都知道Charles Darwin提出了的生物界的适者生存的发展规律。选项[C] 的意思是,“他认为,人类进化以他称之为适者生存的斗争为特征。在这些斗争中，弱小的种族和社会最终必将为更强大、更先进的种族和社会所代替。”选项[C]说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特征, 与前面Charles Darwin的适者生存相呼应。空前的那句话说Spencer认为包括人类社会的所有世间现象都是朝着完美的方向在不断变化,加上前面所说的Spencer的生物和文化进化理论与达尔文的生物进化理论相一致,可以确定本题的答案是选项[C],其中He argued中的He显然是指Spencer。

　　42. [答案] [E]

　　[解析]本题出现在第二二段末,肯定意思应该与本段的意思紧密相连。第二段主要讲的是Lewis Henry Morgan的theory of cultural evolution (文化进化理论) ,空前的那句话说，在他的作品里，他尽量说明了how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (文化的诸多 方面随社会的演变而变化)。这跟选项[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved (因此， 他认为，诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式，亲属种类、财产所有、政府形式、技术以及食物生产制度等文化的不同方面，都随社会的演变而变化)的内容不谋而合。所以，我们可以断定，本题的答案为选项[E]。

　　43. [答案] [A]

　　[解析]这一题判断起来相对较难。 第三段主要介绍了美国人类学家Franz Boas提出的historical particularism (历史特殊论) ,强调所有文化的独特性,为人类学的发展提供了新的方向。我们可以推测，最后-句话有可能会是对历史特殊论的进一步解释,或者Boas的其他观点。所以选项[B]有很大的迷惑性;但是,通过对下文的阅读，特别是通过第五段的阅读,我们发现，第五段中将historical particularism和diffusionism (扩散主义)进行了比较,指出历史特殊论之所以流行很大程度上是由于Boas诸多学生的影响;然而也有一-些 人类学家拒绝历史特殊论而对扩散论情有独钟。而在此之前,没有地方提到过扩散主义,以及这一理论是由谁提出的。所以我们可以推测，第三段有可能是介绍人类学的historical particularism和，填空的地方就可能是对另- -种新观点即diffusionism的介绍。选项[A]刚好介绍了什么叫difusionism ，Other anthropologists believed thatcultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from ociety to society. This theory was known as diffusionism (另外的人类学家认为,像发明这样的文化革新都有一个起源， 从一个社会传到另一个社会。 这个理论称为扩散论),而且other anthropologists与前文North America, German-borm American nthropologist Franz Boas相呼应。由此可以断定，本题正确选项为[A].

　　44. [答案] [B]

　　[解析]第四段继续介绍Franz Boas理论,他认为,任何社会的文化都必须理解为其独特历史的结果，而不是属于更广泛的进化阶段或者文化类型中诸多文化中的-一个。很显然,本段是对historical particularism进一步阐述。 选项[B] In order to tudy particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and natomy. (为了尽可能彻底地研究具体的不同文化，博厄斯精通语言学即对语言的研究和体质人类学即对人类生物学和解剖学的研究。)，里面既提到Boas,又提到了解特殊的文化(particular cultures是关键词) ,符合本段的意思。因此,本题正确选项为[B]。

　　45. [答案] [G]

　　[解析]第五段对“历史特殊论”和“*扩散理论"进行了比较说明，指出“历史特殊论'方法的盛行是由于Boas学生的影响,而扩散理论”"认为重要的文化进步归因于少数几个天才民族的发明,而这些民族然后再传播到其他文化。选项[G] For xample, British anthropologists Grafon Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly uggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and etallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts f the world. (比如， 基于不充分的信息,英国人类学家格拉弗顿.艾略特和WJ.佩里错误地认为,农业耕作、陶器制作和冶金术都起源于古埃及,然后传播到世界各地。事实上,所有这些文化都是在世界上的不同地方不同时间分别发展起来的。)很显然，这是-个例子，通过分析这个例子,我们可以知道，这是两种不同的观点的比较。显然是用来补充说明前面的观点的，即“历史特殊论(historical articularism)”和“扩散理论(diffusionism) 理论的对比。 所以，本题的答案就是选项[G]。

　　以上就是小编整理的2009年考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析，考研中每一分对我们都很重要，大家要重视每一个板块的练习哦。

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