Catalytic hairpin assembly as cascade nucleic acid circuits for fluorescent biosensor: Design, evolution and application,Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) with advantages of high efficiency, flexible design, and mild reaction condition is considered a promising molecular amplifier. Modified working principle of CHAs has been coupled with multiples signal generation and signal transductions to develop the diversified fluorescent biosensors. Emerging signal amplification techniques were introduced into CHA to meet the requirement of rapid, sensitive, accurate, and specific point-of-care testing (POCT) in vitro. Moreover, others advanced techniques were integrated with CHA to improve the delivery efficiency, enhance the ability, and accelerate reaction speed for in vivo analysis. Thus, the CHA-based fluorescent biosensor has been applied on varying targets, including nucleic acids, metal ions, small molecules, proteins, enzymes, exosomes, and cells. Herein, the review systematically summarized the design principle, evolution, and application of the biosensors, and then discussed the challenges in depth. The aim was to highlight the importance of developing advanced CHA-based biosensors and promoting their practical application.

中文翻译：

催化发夹组装（CHA）具有高效、灵活的设计和温和的反应条件等优点，被认为是一种很有前途的分子放大器。改进的 CHA 工作原理与多重信号产生和信号转导相结合，开发出多样化的荧光生物传感器。CHA 引入了新兴的信号放大技术，以满足体外快速、灵敏、准确和特异性即时检测 (POCT) 的要求。此外，其他先进技术与 CHA 相结合，以提高递送效率，增强能力，加快体内反应速度分析。因此，基于 CHA 的荧光生物传感器已应用于不同的目标，包括核酸、金属离子、小分子、蛋白质、酶、外泌体和细胞。在此，该综述系统地总结了生物传感器的设计原理、演变和应用，然后深入讨论了面临的挑战。目的是强调开发先进的基于 CHA 的生物传感器并促进其实际应用的重要性。