Oracle数据库启动过程

2023-07-06 01:30| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

一、Oracle数据库的四种状态

Oracle数据库有四种状态：SHUTDOWN、NOMOUNT、MOUNT、OPEN.

二、Oracle数据库的启动过程详解

Oracle数据库启动主要包括三个过程： (1) shutdown状态；= 数据库没有启动（2）启动数据库到 NOMOUNT 状态；=（只是启动instance实例，尚未打开控制文件）= 启动后台进程+分配了内存（3）启动数据库到 MOUNT 状态；=（加载控制文件）加载了 controlfile （4）启动数据库到 OPEN 状态；=（执行控制文件，打开数据文件和redo日志文件）在这里插入图片描述

三、执行 startup 命令，Oracle数据库会依次完成这三个过程；

另外，也可以通过手工命令依次进行：

1、数据库启动到NOMOUNT 状态

该状态查询不到控制文件和数据文件

SQL> startup nomount ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 3774873224 bytes Fixed Size 9141896 bytes Variable Size 788529152 bytes Database Buffers 2969567232 bytes Redo Buffers 7634944 bytes SQL> select status from v$instance; STATUS ------------------------ STARTED SQL> select status from v$controlfile; no rows selected SQL> select status from v$datafile; select status from v$datafile * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01507: database not mounted SQL> select status from v$log; select status from v$log * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01507: database not mounted

已启动实例进程

[oracle@rhel dbs]$ ps -ef |grep sanshi oracle 126788 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_pmon_sanshi oracle 126790 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_clmn_sanshi oracle 126792 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_psp0_sanshi oracle 126795 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:01 ora_vktm_sanshi oracle 126799 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen0_sanshi oracle 126801 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_mman_sanshi oracle 126805 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_gen1_sanshi oracle 126808 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_diag_sanshi oracle 126810 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_ofsd_sanshi oracle 126813 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbrm_sanshi oracle 126815 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_vkrm_sanshi oracle 126817 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_svcb_sanshi oracle 126819 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_pman_sanshi oracle 126821 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_dia0_sanshi oracle 126823 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_dbw0_sanshi oracle 126825 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_lgwr_sanshi oracle 126827 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_ckpt_sanshi oracle 126829 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_lg00_sanshi oracle 126831 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_smon_sanshi oracle 126833 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_lg01_sanshi oracle 126835 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_smco_sanshi oracle 126837 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_reco_sanshi oracle 126839 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_w000_sanshi oracle 126841 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_lreg_sanshi oracle 126843 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_w001_sanshi oracle 126845 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_pxmn_sanshi oracle 126849 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmon_sanshi oracle 126851 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_mmnl_sanshi oracle 126853 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_d000_sanshi oracle 126855 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_s000_sanshi oracle 126857 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_tmon_sanshi oracle 126862 1 0 17:28 ? 00:00:00 ora_m000_sanshi oracle 127023 121945 0 17:31 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto sanshi 2 、数据库启动到MOUNT 状态 [oracle@rhel dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Wed Jul 5 17:32:25 2023 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Version 19.3.0.0.0 SQL> alter database mount; Database altered.

实例处于mount状态，控制文件、数据文件已加载可查询

在这里插入代码片 SQL> select status from v$controlfile; STATUS -------------- SQL> select status from v$instance; STATUS ------------------------ MOUNTED SQL> select name from v$controlfile; NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/control01.ctl /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/SANSHI/control02.ctl SQL> select name,status from v$controlfile; NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/control01.ctl /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/SANSHI/control02.ctl SQL> select name,status from v$datafile; NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/system01.dbf SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdbseed/system01.dbf SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdbseed/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/users01.dbf ONLINE NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdbseed/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb1/system01.dbf SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb1/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb1/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb1/users01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb2/system01.dbf SYSTEM NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb2/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb2/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb2/users01.dbf ONLINE NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb3/system01.dbf SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb3/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb3/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE NAME -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STATUS -------------- /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI/pdb3/users01.dbf ONLINE 19 rows selected. SQL>

查看参数文件，存放在oracle_home目录

SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Version 19.3.0.0.0 [oracle@rhel dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@rhel dbs]$ ls hc_sanshi.dat init.ora lkSANSHI orapwsanshi snapcf_sanshi.f spfilesanshi.ora [oracle@rhel dbs]$ ll total 18308 -rw-rw---- 1 oracle oinstall 1544 Jul 5 17:33 hc_sanshi.dat -rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 3079 May 14 2015 init.ora -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 24 Jul 4 12:18 lkSANSHI -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 2048 Jul 4 12:20 orapwsanshi -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 18726912 Jul 4 12:49 snapcf_sanshi.f -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 3584 Jul 5 17:33 spfilesanshi.ora [oracle@rhel dbs]$

查看控制文件，存放在oracle_base下的数据文件目录中

[oracle@rhel dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE [oracle@rhel oracle]$ LS bash: LS: command not found... Similar command is: 'ls' [oracle@rhel oracle]$ ls admin audit cfgtoollogs checkpoints diag fast_recovery_area oradata product [oracle@rhel oracle]$ cd oradata/ [oracle@rhel oradata]$ ls SANSHI [oracle@rhel oradata]$ cd SANSHI/ [oracle@rhel SANSHI]$ kls bash: kls: command not found... [oracle@rhel SANSHI]$ ls control01.ctl pdb2 pdbseed redo02.log sysaux01.dbf temp01.dbf users01.dbf pdb1 pdb3 redo01.log redo03.log system01.dbf undotbs01.dbf [oracle@rhel SANSHI]$ pwd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/SANSHI [oracle@rhel SANSHI]$ ll total 2649240 -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 18726912 Jul 5 17:39 control01.ctl drwxr-x--- 2 oracle oinstall 104 Jul 4 12:40 pdb1 drwxr-x--- 2 oracle oinstall 104 Jul 4 12:40 pdb2 drwxr-x--- 2 oracle oinstall 104 Jul 4 12:40 pdb3 drwxr-x--- 2 oracle oinstall 111 Jul 4 12:25 pdbseed -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 209715712 Jul 5 16:43 redo01.log -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 209715712 Jul 5 16:20 redo02.log -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 209715712 Jul 5 16:20 redo03.log -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 629153792 Jul 5 16:43 sysaux01.dbf -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 954212352 Jul 5 16:43 system01.dbf -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 138420224 Jul 4 22:01 temp01.dbf -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 351281152 Jul 5 16:43 undotbs01.dbf -rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 5251072 Jul 5 16:43 users01.dbf [oracle@rhel SANSHI]$ 打开数据库

在状态mount下，无法查看表，数据库open状态可以查看表。

SQL> select status from v$instance; STATUS ------------------------ MOUNTED SQL> desc tab; ERROR: ORA-01219: database or pluggable database not open: queries allowed on fixed tables or views only SQL> alter database open 2 ; Database altered. SQL> desc tab; Name Null? Type ----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------- TNAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(128) TABTYPE VARCHAR2(13) CLUSTERID NUMBER SQL> shutdown关闭数据库

1、利用“shutdown immediate”命令执行某些清除工作后才关闭数据库；

SQL> shutdown immediate ORA-01109: database not open Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down.

2、利用“shutdown abort”命令直接关闭数据库，会话会被终止。

SQL> shutdown abort ORACLE instance shut down. SQL>

3、利用“shutdown normal”命令正常关闭数据库；

SQL> shutdown normal

4、shutdown transaction

在这里插入图片描述

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