汉英翻译期末复习汇总

1.1翻译的性质和类型

翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化交际活动。本质是释义，意义的转换。

1.2汉英翻译的单位

汉语和英语的语言层级均有：词word、短语phrase、句子sentence、段落paragraph、篇章text。篇章是最理想的翻译单位(依据上下文具有一定交际价值)。

1.3汉英翻译的标准

中国：

①翻译标准是严复的“信达雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)最早由支谦(佛经翻译家)在《法句经序》中提出。 后来刘重德提出“信达切(文体相近)closeness”

②鲁迅：“翻译兼顾：易解，保存原作丰姿(内涵)”

③傅雷：神似similarity in spirit；钱钟书：化境(sublimation, 出神入化)

西方：

最流行：等值equivalent value、等效equivalent effect、功能对等functional equivalence

但翻译总有失真和走样，在意义或口吻上违背或不完全贴近原文，鉴于翻译本身的局限性，标准改定为“功能相似、意义相符”。

1.4汉英翻译对译者素养的要求

Translation means distortion, but the mission of a interpreter is to make these lost as little as possible.

英语语感：

 ①语法意识(sense of grammar)

  i.他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多不很可靠的地方。

  He found(that) there were many unreliable points in the geography records kept by his predecessors.

  ii.金桂湖位于武汉的南部后花园——咸宁市咸安区南川水库。

  Jingui Lake lies in the area of Nanchuan Reservoir, Xian’an District, Xianning, which is reputed as the Back Garden to the south of Wuhan.

 ②惯用法意识(sense of idiomaticness)

 ③连贯意识(sense of coherence)

  i.涡阳苔干，名优特产，驰名中外，声震古今，翠绿、鲜嫩、清脆、可口，有“天然海蜇”之称；清乾隆年间奉献皇宫，故又名“贡菜”。

  Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable) is a famous special local product of Woyang, Anhui Province. It is well-known all over the world. It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”. It’s green, tender, crisp and pleasant to taste. It was once an article of tribute in Qing Dynasty.

 ④搭配意识(sense of collocation)

任何一套注音方法都意味着顺从，甚至于屈服于对方的学术权威、意识形态甚至于价值观念。

译文选择：

1.紫鹃答应着，忙出来换一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个痰盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。

Zijuan, assenting, hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon, placing the used one on the table in the outer room. Having closed the door behind her, she let down the flowered portiere before going to wake Xueyan.

2.我原来计划今年二月份访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。

It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to America in February.

3.门铃一声响，来了客人。从不谢客，礼当接待。忙把袜子穿上，整冠而出。

The doorbell rang; a visitor came. Huang never refused to receive any visitor. He thought he should receive this visitor politely. Hurriedly he put on his socks,smoothed his hair. He hurried to the door...

3.2 词语英译与语言环境

“每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词。”(Each word when used in a new context is a new word.)没有语境，词就没有意义。语境是凌驾一切的因素，而且优先任何的规则、理论或是基本意义。

1.路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。

By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.

2.渠那边庄子有一个黄花闺女，为了抗拒父母包办的婚姻，大白天就跑过斗渠到这屋里来上吊。这是个上吊的好地方，屋顶上没有顶棚，弯弯曲曲的木头椽子露在外面，随便哪根椽子都可以搭上绳子。

There lived in a hamlet over the other side of the gully a maiden who in protest against her parents’ dictatorially arranged marriage escaped in broad daylight across the gully, slipped into this hut — and hanged herself! There was no ceiling, only crooked, bare rafters overhead, conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from. A most suitable place, indeed, for such a purpose.

词语的搭配（He[one who writes or speaks in a foreign language] will be “caught” out every time, not by his grammar...not by his vocabulary...but by his unacceptable or improbable collocations.）

1.从她的回忆录可以看出来她对那位导演始终怀有一种复杂的感情。

Judging from what she wrote in her memoir, she always had mixed feelings for that director.

2.毒奶粉事件造成至少6名婴儿死亡，受害者家庭将...

The tainted-baby-milk scandal caused the death of at least six infants.

3.3 词语英译与文化语境

增译(amplification): 补充说明前诉概念身份特征，以弥补文化背景信息。

1.布衣蔬食：wear coarse clothes and eat simple food

2.等吃完饭一定让你骑个够：I’ll let you ride on me to your heart’s content after dinner.

3.一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。

After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked “fat”, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.(原译未增译胖与中国文化相关的内涵，容易引起西方读者误解。)

4.你别狗咬吕洞宾——不识好人心。

Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you.

5.“孝”是中华儿女固有的美德。

Filial piety is an inherent virtue of Chinese people.

6.女士的上衣不宜领口过低，不宜太过透明。

Lady’s blouses should not be too low-cut or too sheer.

7.佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲的聪明能干，却舒服。

The life of a tenant farmer’s family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to scrape along because mother was a clever and able woman.

8.在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。

Before I fell ill, I had got everything my own way owing to my doting parents.

3.4 “假朋友”的识别

干货 dried food (dry goods 纺织品)         

海狗 fur seal (sea dog 海豹)

纸钱 joss paper (paper money 纸币)       

二百五 a horse’s ass

绿豆 mung bean (green bean 四季豆)     

酸奶 yogurt (sour milk 变质发酸的牛奶)

二手货市场 boot fair                                

制造贩卖非法商品 bootleg

售卖酒类的店 wine shop                          

库门的引道 driveway

可供车行且路边有树的林荫大道 parkway    

休息室 lounge (rest room 厕所)

运动服 sportswear (sport coat 休闲西服)     

油性皮肤 oily skin (oilskin 防水油布)

食言 go back on one’s words (eat one’s words 承认自己说错话)   

愚弄某人 pull sb.’s leg

high school 美国中学

破产 have/wear a green bonnet                 

电话簿 yellow book (pornography 黄色书籍)

不遗余力/千方百计 to move heaven and earth   

无家可归的流浪者 street people

好好先生 yes-man (goody-goody 假正经的人)   

持续思考某一件事 to have a one-track mind

3.5 词义空缺与英译策略

Lexical gap → cultural-loaded=culture-specific words

文化特色词翻译方法：①音译 ②意译+简短释义 ③直译+简短解释 ④简短直译法 ⑤替代

①当汉语文化中特有的事物在英语文化中完全空缺时，可采用音译法将这些具有特殊文化内涵的词语“移植”到英语文化中去。

②意译法是翻译具有文化特色的词语时经常采用的翻译策略，着眼于传达词语的文化信息。

③直译法也是填补词义空缺的一种常用方法。（最低限度：不造成不良误解）

④加注法是通过注释在译文中补充必要的文化背景知识，以弥补汉英文化差异，帮助理解，加注法还可以作音译和意译的补充。

3.6 成语与四字格的英译

四字格词语内部组合关系：主谓关系、动宾关系、动补关系、并列关系、限定关系

英译策略：直译法、意译法、套译法、加注法、增译法

切不可不分词义虚实，不顾思维差异，而应拜托汉语欣赏定式的影响。

①直译法：用具体的描述来比喻抽象的概念，是形象思维在语言上的集中体现。在不违背译文语言规范、不引起错误联想的前提下使用。

例：如鱼得水(feel just like fish in water)、临阵磨枪(sharpen one’s spear only before going into battle)、狐假虎威(the fox borrows the tiger’s terror)、对牛弹琴(play the harp to a bull)

②意译法：具有民族文化特色在很多情况下难以体现，用意译法虽然难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快地反映出成语的喻义。（舍弃原文形式细节，直接翻译出意思）

例：手忙脚乱(in a frantic rush)、立竿见影(get instant results)、噤若寒蝉(keep quiet)、明火执仗(do evil things openly)、牵肠挂肚(be full of anxiety and worry)

③套译法：套用译语中某个与汉语成语喻义相近的成语来进行翻译，可用于：

（1）两个成语的指称意义和蕴含意义基本一致。

例：肉中刺(a thorn in the flesh)、浑水摸鱼(fish in troubled water)、趁热打铁(strike while the iron is hot)、眼见为实(seeing is believing)、隔墙有耳(walls have ears)

（2）两个成语的比喻形象有所差异，但比喻意义基本一致。

例：笑掉大牙(laugh off one’s head/laugh from ear to ear笑的合不拢嘴)、乱七八糟(at sixes and sevens)、东张西望(look right and left)、抛砖引玉(throw a sprat to catch a herring)

（3）汉语成语原本是翻译的产物，因此直接用英语成语代替。

例：以眼还眼(an eye for an eye)、君子协定(a gentleman’s agreement)、武装到牙齿(be armed to the teeth)

④加注法：译文中添加所需的文化信息和背景知识，特点在既能保留成语的比喻形象和文化蕴含，又能确保译文容易接受。【直译加注一般还原原文细节，为传播文化特点】

例：东施效颦(Dongshi imitating Xishi (Xishi was a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yue. Dongshi was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her way.))；班门弄斧(with an axe before Lu Ban the master of carpenter.)； 望梅止渴/画饼充饥(fantasy or illusion)【同义词重复若非出于强调(修辞)的目的，就应舍去其一，以免造成译文冗长】

①周学道坐在堂上，见那些童生纷纷进来：也有小的，也有老的，仪表端庄的，獐头鼠目的，衣冠楚楚的，褴褛破烂的。

Commissioner Chou sat in the hall and watched the candidates crowding in. There were young and old, handsome and homely, smart and shabby men among them.

②我常常觉得在别人的喜庆中锦上添花容易，在别人的苦难里雪中送炭却很难，那种比例，大约也就是八九与一二之比。不能雪中送炭的不是真朋友，当然更甭说那些落井下石的人了。

How easy it is to add to someone’s joy, I often think, and how hard to lend a helping hand in times of distress - the ratio would probably come to nine to one, too. But those who do not help you when you need it most are not true friends, much less those who hit you when you’re down.

四字格英译：

例：

①本店货色齐全，品种多样，任君挑选。

We have a good assortment of goods to choose from. (assorted candies 什锦糖)

②这支歌唱遍了神州大地，唱遍了50年悠悠岁月，余音袅袅，一曲难忘。

This song has been sung all over China for 50 years. The melody still lingers in the air.

③囊中羞涩 financially embarrassed

4.句子英译

4.1 主语的确定：①以原文主语做译文主语 ②重新确定主语 ③增补主语

①例：①中国有两点靠得住，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。

China can be counted on. Among other things, first, we upholds principles and second, we honors our words.

②人有失错，马有失蹄。

As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes. (Homer sometimes nods.人非圣贤孰能无过)

②例：①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。

Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.

③例：①沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡！

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!

②不知不觉已入隆冬。

Time went by and before I was aware of it winter was waning.

译文比较：

①中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪地驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。

China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the glorious destination of modernization.

②我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友而且成为兄弟。

Our relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brother.

③他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。

His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.

④中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。

A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.

⑤轻纺工业产品的花色品种增多，质量继续有所提高。

Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and richer variety.

⑥中国的改革开放取得了重大成果。

China has made great achievements in its economic reform and opening up to the outside world.

⑦一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。

China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.

⑧中华民族多数是性情中正平和、淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。

In comparison with Westerners, the Chinese people, easier to satisfied, are mostly unbiased, peaceful, unworldly and guileless.

⑨当前，祖国内地和香港的发展都处在一个新的历史起点上。我们既面临着难得的发展机遇，也面临着严峻挑战。

We are now standing at a new historical juncture in the development of both the mainland and Hong Kong and are facing rare opportunities for development and severe challenges.

⑩六年来，在中央和国务院的正确领导下，经过西部地区各族人民的艰苦奋斗、开拓创新，西部大开发取得了重大进展和明显成效。

Over the past six years, we have made great progress and delivered impressive results in China’s Western Development Drive, which is due to the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and to the diligence and pioneering innovation of all ethnic groups in Western China.

⑪一阵风吹过，孩子打了个喷嚏。

A sudden breeze made the child sneeze.

⑫到冬天，草黄了，花也完了，天上却也散下花来，于是满上就铺上了一层耀眼的雪花。

In winter the grass turns yellow and the flowers fade, but new flowers come down from heaven, spreading a cover of glittering snow over the hills.

⑬嗅着枝叶的清香，觉得空气中充满了生命气息。

The faint fragrance of foliage in the air awoke me to a full sense of life.

⑭早上我起来的时候，小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然地跟着旋转。

When I got up in the morning, I found several beams of sunlight penetrating through the window into my house. The sun has its feet, moving slowly and quietly and I followed its steps.

汉英成语喻义相同，但喻体有同有异：

白费口舌 a futile waste of words

痴人说梦 a tale told by an idiot

血流如注 to bleed like a pig

挥金如土 to spend money like water

杀鸡取卵 to kill the goose that lays the golden egg

绞尽脑汁 to rack one’s brain

轻如鸿毛 as light as a feather

稳如泰山 as steady as a mountain

随波逐流 to go with the flow

破釜沉舟 to burn one’s boat

画蛇添足 to paint the lily

打草惊蛇 to wake a sleeping dog

大海捞针 to look for a needle in the haystack

空中楼阁 a castle in the air 

一贫如洗 as poor as a church house

弱不禁风 as weak as water

了如指掌 to know something like the back of one’s hand

以牙还牙 a tooth for a tooth

骨瘦如柴 as thin as a rail

一箭双雕 to kill two birds with one stone

如履薄冰 to be on thin ice

晴天霹雳 a bolt from the blue

本文为个人对《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇 李亚丹 (上海外语出版社) 的期末考点汇总。