英语（3）英语语法汇总

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英语词性概括：英语词性又能分成2个大类：

1）开放类：名词、动词、形容词、副词

2）封闭类：代词、介词、连词、冠词、感叹词

区分起来也很简单，开放类词会随着语言的发展而出现新增和替换，比如每天都会有新的名词出现；而封闭类词语则基本上不会有变化，如连词、介词却基本不会有变换。

二： 形容词和副词

主要讨论形容词和副词的用法，和他们的比较级最高级，以及形容词转化为副词的规律。

(一）形容词和副词的用法

形容词主要用来修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。

形容词在句中可用作表语、定语、补语等。

副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。

副词在句中主要作状语。

1.形容词的功能

形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)　直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。2)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，eg: something new3)　叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。Eg: afraid 害怕的。(错)　He is an ill man.(对)　The man is ill.(错)　She is an afraid girl.(对)　The girl is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。

2.副词的功能

1). 副词的分类

(1)时间副词：

①表确定时间，today, yesterday, tomorrow，一般用于句尾，强调时用于句首。

eg：It’s Sunday today. Tomorrow morning I’ll go to the park.

②表不确定时间，recently, soon, already, yet，可用于句尾，用于句中（be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前），也可用于句首。eg：Have you seen any films recently, Sandy?

③表频率，always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom，一般用于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前。

sometimes可用于句首或句尾。eg：The boys seldom eat chicken but the girls often eat it.

(2)地点副词：home here, there, up, down, around，位于动词之后。eg：I must stay home to look after my sister.

(3) 方式副词：fast, quickly, slowly, happily，位于不及物动词之后，或句尾。

eg：Lily ran quickly and caught the bus.

The children were playing happily.

(4) 程度副词：very, quite, rather, too，常用于所修饰词之前；eg：It is quite a nice horse. English is very useful.

enough，用于所修饰的形容词、副词之后。The little boy is old enough to go to school.

(5) 疑问副词：when, whe re, why, how，位于特殊疑问句句首。eg：Where were you born?

(6) 连接副词：when, where, why, how，引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。eg：Could you tell me why Kate didn’t come to school today?

(7) 副词连用的顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词；多个时间副词、地点副词连用时，按“由小到大”的顺序。

eg：The students all worked very hard there yesterday.

My daughter was born at 4:30 in the afternoon on April 8th, 1999.

2）、一般副词的位置（1）副词常放在所修饰的动词后面或句末The girl dances very well. 这个女孩跳舞跳得好。We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。

eg：She angrily closed the door.

置于句中的副词，若碰上助动词，则通常放在助动词之后、主要动词之前.eg: He has just left for work. We have already read the book.

（2）、频度副词在句中的位置I）频度副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的有ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, always 等，它们通常位于实意动词之前，动词 be、助动词、情态动词之后。 eg; He never reads such books.

II)有时为了强调，频度副词也可位于动词 be、助动词等之前eg; She always was late.

频度副词

Always的频度是100%，意为“总是，永远地”

usually的频度大约是70%左右，意为“通常，平常”

often的频度是50%左右，意为“时常，常常”

sometimes的频度大约是20%，意为“有时”

hardly的频度是5%左右，意为“几乎不，简直不”

never的频度为0，意为“从来不，永不”

III)为了强调等原因，有时频度副词可位于句首或句末(尤其受 very, only修饰时)Very often the phone rings when I’m in the bath.频度副词 always 和 never 通常不位于句首，除非是祈使句：Always remember this. Never tell him the news.

IV)在否定句中，有的频度副词可位于否定词not之后或之前(如usually, often)，有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后(如 always)，而有的频度副词必须要位于否定词 not 之前(如 sometimes)：He doesn’t usually come here. / He usually doesn’t come here. She doesn’t always come late.He is sometimes not satisfied with my work.

3).副词位置对句意的影响

有时副词位置的不同会导致句子意义的改变。eg：

Tom alone is coming. 只有汤姆要来。(alone 位于被修饰的名词或代词后，意为“只有”)

Tom is coming alone. 汤姆将一个人来。(alone 在此修饰动词come，意为“独自”)

Only I kissed her last night. 昨晚只有我吻了她(即别人没吻她)。

I only kissed her last night. 昨晚我只是吻了她(即没干别的事)。

I kissed only her last night. 昨晚我吻的只有她(即没吻过别人)。

I kissed her only last night [last night only]. 我只是在昨晚才吻了她(即其他时候未吻过)。

They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这个城市。

They decided to leave the town secretly. 他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。

He answered the question foolishly. 他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。

He foolishly answered the question. 他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。

Clearly he didn’t say so. 显然他没有这样说。(clearly 修饰句子，意为“显然”)

He didn’t say so clearly. 他说得没有那么清楚。(clearly 修饰动词 say，意为“清楚”)

4). 副词的主要句法功能：

I). 用作状语：He speaks English very well. I often get up at six in the morning. He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home. II). 用作表语：I’ll be back in five minutes. I must be off now. Is the radio on or off?

在一般情况下，作表语时不用副词而用形容词：误：He looks very angrily.正：He looks very angry. 误：Mr. Smith is very carefully.正：Mr. Smith is very careful.

注意：英语中可用作表语的副词主要是表地点的副词以及某些与介词同形的副词，常见的有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, back, in, home, ahead, upstairs, downstairs, off, through, on, over 等。而且这些副词只能用于连系动词be 后作表语，而不用于其他连系动词后作表语，eg：False：He seems here. / He seems away.True：He is here. / He is away.

III). 用作宾语：It’s hot in here. It’s not far from here. I’ll stay at home tonight. 副词用作宾语只限于某些表示时间和地点的副词，而且不同的副词有不同的搭配特点，如 here和there 可与along, around, down, from, in, near, round, up 等介词连用，但通常不与介词to连用，如不说come to here, go to there 等(注:from here to there是例外)。

IV)用作宾语补足语：Please ask him in, please. I’m pleased to see you back. 一般说来，只有能用作表语的副词才可用作宾语补足语。

V)用作定语：Is there anything on tonight? The people there were very friendly. 在通常情况下，副词用作定语总是放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。

(二）形容词、副词比较等级的用法

1. 形容词和副词的原级，比较级和最高级

(1) 原级：

①表示甲与乙在某一方面程度相等，基本句型是“as+形容词或副词原形+as”。

eg：I think swimming is as interesting as cycling.

②表示甲在某一方面不及乙，基本句型是“not as/so+形容词或副词原形+as”。

eg：She didn’t come as/so early as you.

(2) 比较级：

①表示两者（人或事物）比较，两方中一方超过另一方，基本句型是“形容词或副词的比较级+than（在形容词、副词的比较级前，可以用much, a little/bit, far, even, any等来修饰）”。

eg：Sandy’s hair is longer than Millie’s hair.

②表示本身的程度改变，不与其他事物相比，基本句型是“形容词或副词的比较级+形容词或副词的比较级或more and more+多音节形容词或副词”。eg：

The nights are getting shorter and shorter.

Our school is getting more and more beautiful.

(3) 最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）比较，其中某一方程度最高，基本句型是“the+形容词或副词的最高级+（名词）+表示比较范围的介词短语（in+集体名词或of+个体名词的复数）或从句”。eg：

He is the tallest boy in my class.

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

2）形容词的比较级和最高级变化规则

I. 规则变化

II.不规则变化

3）副词的比较级

I.规则变化

单音节和少数双音节副词，在词尾加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。

大多数双音节词和多音节副词，在前面加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级。

II.不规则变化

注意：

(1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。eg： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.(2) 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。It is a most important problem.等同于It is a very important problem.

III.形容词和副词比较级的常见句型

1). “as+形容词/副词原级+as”，表示和...一样, eg: she is as tall as her sister

2).“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”，表示前者不如后者，eg: she is not as/so tall as her sister

3).“much/even/far/a little/a bit/ a lot/any/rather+比较级+than”，eg：he is much taller than you.

4).“比较级+and+比较级”，表示越来越...，eg: we are getting older and older

5).“the+比较级，the+比较级”，表示越...越..., eg: the harder you study,the better score you will get.

6).“the+最高级+of/in+范围”, eg: She is the prettiest girl in her class.

7).“one of the+最高级+名词复数”，表示最...的...之一,eg: BJ is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

8).“less+原级形容词+than+比较成分”, 表示"较…低; 不及…

9).“the+比较级+of the two”,表示两者之中"较…"

5). 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的使用注意事项

(1).有少数以ior结尾的形容词，如inferior(次于)，junior(年幼的;下级的)，posterior(之后)，prior(之前)，senior(年长的,上级的)，superior(优于)等本身就有比较的意思，常与介系词to连用。(2).比较形容词可以被副词, a little(一点),much(得多)，even(更加)，still(更加)，far(…的多)等修饰，但不可用very修饰。

(3). very, quite一般只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。

(4). 在含有or的选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。eg：Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 谁更高，Tim还是Tom?(5). 表示倍数的比较级用法：①. A is …times the size /height/length/width of B.eg：The new building is three times the height of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍。(新楼是旧楼的四倍高)②. A is …times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.

eg：Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)③. A is …times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.eg：Our school is twice bigger than yours.我们学校比你们学校大两倍。(6)."否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。Nothing is so easy as this.相当于Nothing is easier than this.或This is the easiest thing.(7). 比较级与最高级的转换：Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class(8).修饰比较级和最高级的词I)可修饰比较级的词①.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。②. 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。③. 以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.II)下列词可修饰最高级：by far, far, much, mostly, almost。This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.A). very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。This is the very best.This is much the best.B). 序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africa is the second largest continent.(9).要避免重复使用比较级。(F) He is more cleverer than his brother.(T) He is more clever than his brother.(T) He is cleverer than his brother.(10).要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(F) China is larger that any country in Asia.(T) China is larger than any other country in Asia.(11).要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.(12).要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters。(13)the＋比较级，the＋比较级, 根据句意的需要，其中的比较级既可以是形容词，也可以是副词。I want you out of here， and the sooner the better. 你给我走开，越快越好。The less said about the whole affair，the happier I’ll be. 对整件事谈得越少我越高兴。(14)：by far the＋比较级, 当比较级前面有 by far 修饰时，比较级习惯上要带 the。

He is by far the cleverer than her. 他比她聪明得多。This dictionary is by far the better than that one. 这本词典比那本要好得多。通常by far 总是放在比较级的前面，若将 by far 置于比较级之后，则可以不用 the。 He is cleverer by far than her. 他比她聪明得多

(三）：形容词变副词

1.规则变化

(四）常见相似副词的区别

(1）hard与hardly：hard努力地；hardly几乎不。如：Jim is working hard on English. Mike hardly work at English.(2) wide与widely：wide宽阔地；widely广泛地，普遍地。如：The window is wide open. English is widely used in many countries.(3) high与highly：high高高地；highly高度地。如：The plane is flying high in the sky. Mr. Brown spoke highly of Jim.(4) near与nearly：near接近地；nearly几乎，差不多。如：Women’s Day is coming near. It’s nearly 10:00 o’clock in the evening.

说明：与形容词同形的副词一般表示实际、具体的意义；而-ly副词则表示抽象的意义。