科技英语翻译 (18).pdf

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1、 英汉互译 Unit 2 语义翻译 Chapter 1 Deciding the correct meanings of words 理解中的选义Both in English and Chinese,it is not uncommon for words to be polysemous（多义的）,that is,one word matches a variety of meanings.Here are some examples:*Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.麻烦没来找你，就别去自找麻烦。*We must hang

2、together,or well be hanged separately.我们必须团结在一起，否则我们将被一个个绞死。Now lets look at a widely used Chinese character“上”and its English translations:上班 to go to work上当 to be taken in上吊 to hang oneself上钩 to rise to the bait上进 to make progress上课 to attend class上任 to take up an official post上瘾 to be addicted to

3、 sth.Head=头头？You should use your head a bit.你该用一下自己的头脑。The dinner cost us five dollars a head.这顿饭花去我们每人5美元。Lets discuss the question under five heads.让我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries.出席会议的有4国政府的首脑。Heads or tails?正面还是反面？她正在梳头。She was combing he

4、r hair.一辆小车停在桥西头。A car was parked at the west end of the bridge.让我从头讲起吧。Let me tell the story from the very beginning.他们是一头儿的。They are on the same side.事情不能只顾一头。We mustnt pay attention to only one aspect of the matter.*我那时真是太聪明过分，总觉得他说话不大漂亮，非得自己插嘴不可。但他终于讲定了价钱；（背影）I was then such a smart aleck that I

5、 frowned upon the way father was haggling and was on the verge of chipping in a few words when the bargain was finally clinched.（The Sight of Fathers Back）The original Chinese text actually implies the deep remorse and guilt of the writer.In the English version,the set phrase“a smart aleck”(骄傲自大的人)i

6、s used to translate“太聪明过分”.And“说话不大漂亮”is rendered into“frowned upon the way father was haggling”,in which“frown upon”（不赞同）means“to disapprove of sth”.The flexible translation fully conveys the rich connotations of the original text.Scarlett Ohara was not beautiful,but men seldom realized it when cau

7、ght by her charm as the Tarleton twins were.In her face were too sharply blended the delicate features of her mother,a Coast aristocrat of French descent,and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father.But it was an arresting face,pointed of chin,square of jaw.Her eyes were pale green without a touch

8、of hazel,starred with bristly black lashes and slightly tilted at the ends.Above them,her thick black brows slanted upward,cutting a startling oblique line in her magnolia-white skin-that skin so prized by Southern women and so carefully guarded with bonnets,veils and mittens against hot Georgia sun

9、s.(Gone with the Wind,Margaret Mitchell)那郝思嘉小姐长得并不美，可是极富魅力，男人见了她，往往要着迷，就像汤家那一对双胞胎兄弟似的。原来这位小姐脸上显然混杂着两种特质：一种是母亲给她的娇柔，一种是父亲给她的豪爽。因为她母亲是个法兰西血统的海滨贵族，父亲是个皮色深浓的爱尔兰人，所以遗传给她的质地难免不调和。可是质地虽然不调和，她那一张脸蛋儿实在迷人得很，下巴颏尖尖的，牙床骨儿方方的。她的眼珠子是一味的淡绿色，不杂一丝儿的茶褐，周围竖着一圈儿粗黑的睫毛，眼角微微有点翘，上面斜竖着两撇墨黑的蛾眉，在她那木兰花一般白的皮肤上，划出两条异常惹眼的斜线，就是她那一身

10、皮肤，也正是南方女人最最喜爱的，谁要长着这样的皮肤，就要拿帽子、面罩、手套之类当心保护着，舍不得让那大热的阳光晒黑。（飘，傅东华译）heavy adj.字典释义：重的;沉的;严重的;强烈的 译文：豪爽star v.字典释义：由主演，标星号 译文：竖着一圈儿startling adj.字典释义：令人吃惊的;惊人的;不寻常的 译文：异常惹眼的prize v.字典释义：重视；珍惜 译文：最最喜爱Chapter 2 Choosing Appropriate Expressions 表表达达中中的的选选词词In both English and Chinese,there are quite a few

11、 synonyms or near-synonyms to convey a certain meaning.So how to differentiate and select an appropriate expression is of great importance.Take the common English word“die”as an example.There are numerous expressions to convey the meaning of death in Chinese:*one-character expressions include:亡，故，卒，

12、逝，毙，崩,etc.*two-character expressions include:亡故,谢世，仙逝，作古，归西，不在，牺牲，殉难，长眠，毙命，夭折，升天，驾崩，etc.*three-character expressions include:回老家，见阎王，翘辫子，翻白眼，etc.*four-character expressions include:见马克思，香消玉殒，跨鹤西游，舍生取义，死于非命,了结尘缘，etc.Conversely,the Chinese word“死”also corresponds with plenty of English expressions whi

13、ch mean death:*One word expressions include:perish,succumb,expire,decease,depart,etc.*Phrases which describe death objectively include:cease respiration,relinquish life,lose ones life,cease to exist,come to a violent death,meet ones death,be no more,etc.*Phrases which contain vivid images include:pa

14、ss away,check out,go west,go to glory,fall asleep,rest in peace,cross the Styx,give up the ghost,go to Nirvana,return to dust,close ones eyes,pay the debt of nature，bite the bullet,kick the bucket,kick up ones heels,abandon the world,etc.Confronted with countless similar expressions,the translator n

15、eeds to pay special attention to the correspondence of style（文文体体）,register(语语域域),image（形形象象）and emotion（感感情情色色彩彩）between the source text and the target text when making the choice.What are the appropriate Chinese translations of these English expressions?*go to sleep 长眠 be no more 没了，不在了close ones

16、eyes 闭眼，合眼 die a martyr 牺牲pass away 去世，与世长辞 breathe ones last 咽气，断气go west 归西 give up the ghost 见阎王kick the bucket 翘辫子，翻白眼 abandon the world 谢世go to glory 仙游，仙逝 return to dust 入土pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘 kick up ones heels 蹬腿go to Nirvana 去极乐世界The translator also needs to pay attention to the flex

17、ibility and diversity in translation.*yet,as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones:who is a good Christian,a good parent,a good child,a good wife or a good husband;who actually does have a disconsolate family

18、 to mourn his loss(Vanity Fair)*不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔虔诚诚的的教徒，慈慈爱爱的的父母，孝孝顺顺的的儿女，贤贤良良的的妻子，尽尽职职的的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们；(名利场)*The young girls formed,indeed,the majority of the band,and their heads of luxuriant hair reflected in the sunshine every tone of gold,and black,and brown.Some had beauti

19、ful eyes,others a beautiful nose,others a beautiful mouth and figure:few,if any,had all.(Tess of the Durbervilles)*年轻的姑娘们的确在游行的队伍中占了大多数，她们头上厚实的秀发在阳光的照耀下，反射出每一种金黄、乌黑和棕褐的颜色。有的姑娘眼睛漂漂亮亮，有的姑娘鼻子好好看看，有的姑娘嘴巴美观和身材秀秀美美，但是如果说有人能够集众美于一身，那也没有几个人。（德伯家的苔丝）Flexibility and diversity can also be achieved on sentence

20、level.*After the fall of France,Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground,about equally matched in the air,and gravely inferior at sea.1)法国崩溃之后，德国在陆地上大大超过英国，在空中旗鼓相当，在海上则不幸处于劣势。2)法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则严重处于劣势。*A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorw

21、ay.(The Winds of War)1)一位头戴扁平的黑草帽的矮个儿姑娘，出现在门口。2）一位姑娘出现在门口，只见她个头不高，头戴一顶浅浅的黑草帽。3）门口出现一矮妞，头戴扁平黑草帽。Chapter 3 Literal and Liberal Translation 直直译译和和意意译译Literal translation（直译）is also called direct translation or close translation.Using this method,the image,figure of speech,word order,grammatical structu

22、re,etc.of the source language are maintained in the target language.Here are some examples:*to show ones cards 摊牌*to be armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿*to shed crocodile tears 掉鳄鱼眼泪*an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙However,we need to bear in mind that literal translation is not rigid translat

23、ion(死译)or word-for-word translation（逐字翻译）.Now lets compare:*We saw an acrobat standing on his head.1)我们看见一个杂技演员站在他的头上。()2)我们看见一个杂技演员倒立着。()Liberal translation（意译）is also called free translation.It gives up or changes the original image or vehicle(比喻词),and/or breaks through the word order,or the struc

24、ture of the language in the original text and reorganizes the language so that the essence or deep meaning of the source language is expressed in the target language.Here are some examples:*Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不要自寻烦恼。*If you are unfair to me,I will certainly hang out all your di

25、rty linen.你要是待我不公平，我就把你那些丑事都抖露出去。*Give a dog a bad name and hang him.欲加之罪，何患无词。On some occasions,because of bilingual differences,literal translation can be combined with liberal translation to produce intelligible translated texts.For example,*这样做是班门弄斧。This is like showing off ones proficiency with

26、 the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.Literal or liberal translation is not the only option for the translator.For example,*to kill two birds with one stone1)一石二鸟(literal translation)2)一举两得(liberal translation)*to flog a dead horse1)鞭打死马(literal translation)2)白费力(liberal translation)*雪中送炭1)to

27、send charcoal in snowy weather(literal translation)2)to offer timely help(liberal translation)1)Quiet Night Thought (word-for-word translation)Bedside bright moonlightIs suspected to be frost on the floor.Raising head to watch the bright moon,Lowering head to think of the hometown.2)In the Still of

28、the Night (literal translation)I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed.I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.I watch the bright moon,as I tilt back my head.I yearn,while stooping,for my homeland more.3)Nostalgia (liberal translation)A splash of white on my bedroom floor.Hoarfrost?I raise

29、my eyes to the moon,the same moon.As scenes long past come to mind,my eyes fall again on the splash of white,and my heart aches for home.静夜思床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。有缘学习更多+谓y g d 3 0 7 6 考证资料*黛玉笑道:“偏是咬舌子爱说话，连个二哥哥也叫不出来，只是爱哥哥爱哥哥的。回来赶围棋儿，又该你闹么爱三四五了。”（第20回）1)“The lisper loves to rattle away,”said Daiyu w

30、ith a laugh.“Fancy saying ai instead of er like that.I suppose,when we start dicing,youll be shouting one,love,three,four,five”(A Dream of Red Mansion,translated by Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang)2)Dai-yu burst out laughing:“Lisping doesnt seem to make you any less talkative!Listen to you:Couthin!Couthin!Presently,when youre playing Racing Go,youll be all thicktheth and theventh!”(The Story of the Stone,translated by David Hawkes)

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