词根学习8：ante；ortho；rect；eu；dys

还要忙一阵，更新频率不会高，但一个月至少2篇。一共48篇即240个词根争取今年更完。

36『ANTE』

ANTE is Latin for "before" or "in front of." Antediluvian, which describes something very old or outdated, literally means "before the flood"-that is, Noah's Flood. And antebellum literally means "before the war," usually the American Civil War.

ANTE在拉丁语中是“之前”或“在前面”的意思。Antediluvian描述了一些非常古老或过时的东西，字面意思是“洪水之前”，也就是诺亚洪水。antebellum的字面意思是“战前”，通常是美国内战。

antechamber   [ˈæntitʃeɪmbər]

n.预燃室；前室；接待室；前厅

An outer room that leads to another and is often used as a waiting room.

通往另一个房间的外部房间，通常用作等候处。

The antechamber to the lawyer's office was both elegant and comfortable, designed to inspire trust and confidence.

律师办公室的前室既优雅又舒适，旨在激发信任和信心。

One expects to find an antechamber outside the private chambers of a Supreme Court Justice or leading into the great hall of a medieval castle. In the private end of the castle the lord's or lady's bedchamber would have its own antechamber, which served as a dressing room and sitting room, but could also house bodyguards if the castle came under siege. Anteroom is a less formal synonym, one that's often applied to the waiting rooms of professional offices today.

最高法院法官的私人房间外或许会有一个前厅，中世纪城堡或许会有个通道前厅。在城堡的私人一端，主人或夫人的卧室将有自己的前室，用作更衣室和起居室，但如果城堡被围困，也可以容纳保镖。anteroom也指前厅，但是一个不太正式的同义词，今天经常用于专业办公室的等候室。

antedate   [ˈæntɪdeɪt]

vt.使 ... 提前发生;预期；预料;较…先存在或先发生；居先

n.比实际提前的日期

(1) To date something (such as a check) with a date earlier than that of actual writing. (2) To precede in time.

(1) 用比实际书写日期早的日期给某物(如支票)定日期。(2) 在时间上领先。

Nantucket Island has hundreds of beautifully preserved houses that antedate the Civil War.

楠塔基特岛有数百座保存完好的房屋，它们可以追溯到南北战争时期。

Dinosaurs antedated the first human beings by almost 65 million years, though this stubborn fact never used to stop cartoonists and screenwriters from having the two species inhabit the same story line. Dictionary editors are constantly noticing how the oral use of a word may antedate its first appearance in print by a number of years. Antedating a check or a contract isn't illegal unless it's done for the purpose of fraud (the same is true of its opposite, postdating).

恐龙比第一个人类早了近6500万年，尽管这一顽固的事实从未阻止漫画家和编剧让这两个物种生活在同一个故事线中。词典编辑们不断注意到，一个词的口头使用可能会使其首次出现在印刷品上提前几年。提前支票或合同并不违法，除非这是出于欺诈目的(相反，推迟也是如此)。

antecedent   [ˌæntɪˈsiːdnt]

adj.在先的;先前的

n.先行词;前事;前情;祖先;先人;先行语

(1) A word or phrase that is referred to by a pronoun that follows it. (2) An event or cause coming before something.

(1) 一个词或短语，由它后面的代词指代。(2)在某事之前发生的事件或原因。

As I remember, she said "My uncle is taking my father, and he's staying overnight," but I'm not sure what the antecedent of "he" was.

我记得，她说“我叔叔要带走我父亲，他要过夜”，但我不确定“他”指代的是哪位。

A basic principle of clear writing is to keep your antecedents clear. Pronouns are often used in order not to repeat a noun (so instead of saying "Sheila turns 22 tomorrow, and Sheila is having a party," we replace the second "Sheila" with "she"). But sloppy writers sometimes leave their antecedents unclear (for instance, "Sheila helps Kathleen out, but she doesn't appreciate it," where it isn't clear who "she" is). Watch out for this possible problem when using not just he and she but also they, them, it, this, and that. And keep in mind that antecedent isn't just a grammar term. You may talk about the antecedents of heart disease (such as bad eating habits), the antecedents of World War II (such as the unwise Treaty of Versailles), and even your own antecedents (your mother, grandfather, etc.).

清晰写作的一个基本原则是保证你的指代清晰。代词通常用于不重复名词(因此，我们不说“Sheila明天满22岁，Sheila正在开派对”，而是用“she”代替第二个“Sheila”)。但草率的作家有时会让他们的经历变得不清楚(例如，“希拉帮助了凯萨琳，但她并不感激”，因为不清楚“她”是谁)。当不仅使用他和她，而且使用他们、他们、它、这个和那个时，要注意这个可能的问题。请记住，先行词不仅仅是一个语法术语。你可能会谈论心脏病的前因(比如不良的饮食习惯)，第二次世界大战的前因后果(比如不明智的《凡尔赛条约》)，甚至你自己的前因后果(你的母亲、祖父等)。

anterior   [ænˈtɪriər]

adj.先前的;前部的;前面的

(1) Located before or toward the front or head. (2) Coming before in time or development.

(1) 位于前方或头部之前或朝向前方或头部。(2) 在时间或发展上先于。

When she moved up to join the first-class passengers in the plane's anterior section, she was delighted to recognize the governor in the next seat.

当她起身与头等舱乘客一起坐在飞机前部时，她很高兴地认出了坐在下一个座位上的州长。

Anterior generally appears in either medical or scholarly contexts. Anatomy books refer to the anterior lobe of the brain, the anterior cerebral artery, the anterior facial vein, etc. Scholar and lawyers may use anterior to mean "earlier in time or order." For example, supporters of states' rights point out that the individual states enjoyed certain rights anterior to their joining the union. And prenuptial agreements are designed to protect the assets that one or both parties acquired anterior to the marriage.

前部通常出现在医学或学术背景下。解剖学书籍指的是大脑前叶、大脑前动脉、面部前静脉等。学者和律师可能会用前叶来表示“在时间或顺序上更早”。例如，各州权利的支持者指出，各州在加入联邦之前享有某些权利。婚前协议旨在保护一方或双方在结婚前获得的资产。

37『ORTHO』

ORTHO comes from orthos, the Greek word for "straight," "right," or "true." Orthotics is a branch of therapy that straightens out your stance or posture by providing artificial support for weak joints or muscles. And orthograde animals, such as human beings, walk with their bodies in a "straight" or vertical position.

ORTHO来自矫形器，希腊语中“直”、“右”或“真”的意思。矫形是一种治疗分支，通过为虚弱的关节或肌肉提供人工支撑来矫正你的姿势或姿势。而正行动物，如人类，则以“直”或垂直的姿势行走。

orthodontics   [ˌɔːrθəˈdɑːntɪks]

n.畸齿矫正学;正牙术

A branch of dentistry that deals with the treatment and correction of crooked teeth and other irregularities.

牙科的一个分支，研究弯曲牙齿和其他不规则牙齿的治疗和矫正。

A specialty in orthodontics would require three more years of study after completing her dentistry degree.

在完成牙科学位后，牙齿矫正专业需要再学习三年。

Orthodontics has been practiced since ancient times, but the elaborate techniques familiar to us today were introduced only in recent decades. Braces, retainers, and headgear are used to fix such conditions as crowding of the teeth and overbites. According to a 1939 text, "Speech defects, psychiatric disturbances, personality changes, … all are correctable through orthodontic measures," though many adolescents, having endured the embarrassment of rubber bands breaking and even of entangling their braces while kissing, might disagree.

口腔正畸自古就有，但我们今天熟悉的精细技术是近几十年才引入的。牙套、固定器和头套用于修复牙齿拥挤和过度咬合等情况。根据1939年的一篇文章，“言语缺陷、精神障碍、性格变化……所有这些都可以通过矫正措施来纠正”，尽管许多青少年在经历了橡皮筋断裂甚至接吻时缠住牙套的尴尬之后，可能会不同意。

orthodox   [ˈɔːrθədɑːks]

adj.普遍接受的;正统的;规范的;正统信仰的;正宗教义的;正教的;东正教派的

(1) Holding established beliefs, especially in religion. (2) Conforming to established rules or traditions; conventional.

(1) 持有既定信仰的，尤指宗教信仰。(2) 符合既定规则或传统的；依照惯例的。

The O’Briens remain orthodox Catholics, faithfully observing the time-honored rituals of their church.

奥布莱恩一家仍然是正统的天主教徒，忠实地遵守他们教会历史悠久的仪式。

An orthodox religious belief or interpretation is one handed down by a church’s founders or leaders. When capitalized, as in Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox refers to a branch within a larger religious organization that claims to honor the religion’s original or traditional beliefs. The steadfast holding of established beliefs that is seen in religious orthodoxy is apparent also in other kinds of orthodox behavior. Orthodox medical treatment, for example, follows the established practices of mainstream medicine. Unorthodox thinking is known in business language as "thinking outside the box."

正统的宗教信仰或释义是由教会创始人或领袖传下来的。当大写时，如在正统犹太教中，东正教指的是一个更大的宗教组织中的一个分支，声称尊重该宗教的原始或传统信仰。在宗教正统中所看到的对既定信仰的坚定持有，在其他类型的正统行为中也很明显。例如，正统医学遵循主流医学的既定做法。非正统思维在商业语言中被称为“跳出框框思考”。

orthopedics   [ˌɔrθəˈpidɪks]

n.整形手术；矫形术；整形外科；矫形学

The correction or prevention of deformities of the skeleton.

矫正或预防骨骼畸形。

For surgery to correct the child's spinal curvature, they were referred to the hospital's orthopedics section.

为了矫正孩子的脊柱弯曲，他们被转诊到医院的骨科。

Just as an orthodontist corrects crookedness in the teeth, an orthopedist corrects crookedness in the skeleton. Orthopedics is formed in part from the Greek word for "child," and many orthopedic patients are in fact children. But adults also often have need of orthopedic therapy, as when suffering from a joint disease like arthritis or when recovering from a broken arm or leg.

就像正畸医生矫正牙齿弯曲一样，骨科医生也矫正骨骼弯曲。骨科在一定程度上是由希腊语中“儿童”的意思形成的，许多骨科患者实际上是儿童。但成年人也经常需要骨科治疗，比如当他们患有关节炎等关节疾病时，或者从断臂或断腿中恢复时。

orthography   [ɔːrˈθɑːɡrəfi]

n.(文字的)拼写体系，拼写法

The spelling of words, especially spelling according to standard usage.

拼写单词的拼写，尤指按照标准用法拼写。

Even such eloquent writers as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were deficient in the skill of orthography.

即使是像乔治·华盛顿和托马斯·杰斐逊这样能说会道的作家，也缺乏正字法。

Even as recently as the 19th century, the orthography of the English language was still unsettled. Not until spelling books like Noah Webster's and textbooks like "McGuffey's Readers" came along did uniform spelling become established in the U.S. Before that, there was much orthographic variation, even among the more educated. The many people who still have problems with spelling can take heart from Mark Twain, who once remarked, "I don't give a damn for a man that can spell a word only one way.

直到19世纪，英语的拼写仍然不稳定。直到诺亚·韦伯斯特(Noah Webster)这样的拼写书籍和《麦高菲的读者》(McGufffey’s Readers)这样的教科书问世，统一拼写才在美国建立起来。在此之前，甚至在受过教育的人中，也有很多拼写变体。许多仍然有拼写问题的人可以从马克·吐温那里振作起来，他曾说过：“我不在乎一个只会用一种方式拼写一个单词的人。

38『RECT』

RECT comes from the Latin word rectus, which means "straight" or "right." To correct something is to make it right. A rectangle is a four-sided figure with straight parallel sides. Rectus, short for Latin rectus musculus, may refer to any of several straight muscles, such as those of the abdomen.

RECT来自拉丁语单词rectus，意思是“直的”或“正确的”。纠正某事就是使其正确。矩形是一个四边形，有平行的直边。Rectus，拉丁语直肌的缩写，可以指几种笔直的肌肉中的任何一种，例如腹部的肌肉。

rectitude   [ˈrektɪtuːd]

n.公正;正直;诚实

Moral integrity.

道德操守。

The school superintendent was stern and not terribly popular, but no one questioned her moral rectitude.

校长态度严厉，不太受欢迎，但没有人质疑她的道德操守。

We associate straightness with honesty, so if we suspect someone is lying we might ask if they're being "straight" with us, and we might call a lawbreaker crooked or label him a crook. Rectitude may sound a little old-fashioned today, but the virtue it represents never really goes out of style.

我们把正直与诚实联系在一起，所以如果我们怀疑有人在撒谎，我们可能会问他们是否对我们“正直”，我们可能称违法者为骗子或给他贴上骗子的标签。正直在今天听起来可能有点过时，但它所代表的美德永远不会过时。

rectify   [ˈrektɪfaɪ]

vt.矫正;纠正;改正

To set right; remedy.

纠正；修复

The college is moving to rectify this unfortunate situation before anyone else gets hurt.

学院正在采取行动，在其他人受伤之前纠正这种不幸的情况。

We rectify something by straightening it out or making it right. We might rectify an injustice by seeing to it that a wrongly accused person is cleared. An error in a financial record can be rectified by replacing an incorrect number with a correct one. If the error is in our tax return, the Internal Revenue Service will be happy to rectify it for us; we might then have to rectify the impression that we were trying to cheat on our taxes.

我们通过使某些事情直接或正确来纠正它。我们可以通过确保一个被错误指控的人被无罪释放来纠正不公正。财务记录中的错误可以通过用正确的数字替换不正确的数字来纠正。如果错误出现在我们的纳税申报单中，美国国税局将很乐意为我们纠正错误；然后，我们可能不得不纠正我们试图在税收上作弊的印象。

rectilinear   [ˌrektɪˈlɪniər]

adj.直线的;笔直的;有直线的

(1) Moving in or forming a straight line. (2) Having many straight lines.

(1) 沿直线移动或形成直线。(2) 有许多直线的。

After admiring Frank Lloyd Wright's rectilinear buildings for years, the public was astonished by the giant spiral of the Guggenheim Museum.

在欣赏弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特的直线建筑多年后，公众对古根海姆博物馆的巨大螺旋结构感到惊讶。

Rectilinear patterns or constructions are those in which straight lines are strikingly obvious. In geometry, rectilinear usually means "perpendicular"; thus, a rectilinear polygon is a many-sided shape whose angles are all right angles (the footprints of most houses, with their extensions and garages, are good examples). But rectilinear is particularly used in physics. Rectilinear motion is motion in which the speed remains constant and the path is a straight line; and rectilinear rays, such as light rays, travel in a straight line.

直线图案或结构是指直线非常明显的图案或结构。在几何学中，直线通常意味着“垂直”；因此，直线多边形是一种多侧面的形状，其角度都是直角(大多数房屋的占地面积及其延伸部分和车库就是很好的例子)。但直线在物理学中尤其适用。直线运动是指速度保持恒定且路径为直线的运动；并且直线射线，例如光线，以直线行进。

directive   [dəˈrektɪv]

n.指示;命令

adj.指示的;指导的

Something that guides or directs; especially, a general instruction from a high-level body or official.

引导或指导的东西；特别是来自高级机构或官员的一般指示。

At the very beginning of the administration, the cabinet secretary had sent out a directive to all border-patrol personnel.

在政府成立之初，内阁秘书就向所有边境巡逻人员发出了指示。

As the definition states, a directive directs. A directive from a school principal might provide guidance about handling holiday celebrations in class. A directive from the Vatican might specify new wording for the Mass in various languages. Even the European Union issues directives to its member countries, which they often ignore.

正如定义所述，指令是有指导意义的。校长的指示可能会为在课堂上处理节日庆祝活动提供指导。梵蒂冈的一项指令可能会用各种语言为弥撒指定新的措辞。甚至欧盟也向其成员国发布指令，而这些国家往往对此视而不见。

39『EU』

EU comes from the Greek word for "well", in English words it can also mean "good" or "true." A veterinarian who performs euthanasia is providing a very sick or hopelessly injured animal a "good" or easy death.

EU来自希腊语中“好”的意思，在英语中，它也可以是“好”或“真”的意思。实施安乐死的兽医为一只生病或受伤得无可救药的动物提供了“好的”或容易的死亡。

eugenic   [juˈdʒɛnɪk]

adj.优生的； 优生学的；优种的

Relating to or fitted for the production of good offspring through controlled breeding.

关于或适于通过控制繁殖产生好的后代的。

Eugenic techniques have been part of sheep breeding for many years.

多年来，优生技术一直是绵羊育种的一部分。

The word eugenic, like the name Eugene, includes the Greek root meaning "born". Breeders of farm animals have long used eugenic methods to produce horses that run faster, for example, or pigs that provide more meat. Through eugenics, Holstein cows have become one of the world's highest producers of milk. But eugenics also has a dark side. The idea of human eugenics was taken up enthusiastically by the Nazis in the 20th century, with terrible consequences.

优生学这个词和尤金这个名字一样，包括希腊词根的意思“出生”。农场动物的饲养者长期以来一直使用优生方法来生产跑得更快的马，或者提供更多肉的猪。通过优生学，荷斯坦奶牛已经成为世界上最高产的牛奶生产种之一。但优生学也有阴暗面。人类优生学的思想在20世纪被纳粹热情地接受，并产生了可怕的后果。

euphemism   [ˈjuːfəmɪzəm]

n.委婉语;委婉说法

An agreeable or inoffensive word or expression that is substituted for one that may offend or disgust.

一个令人愉快或无害的词或表达，用来代替可能冒犯或厌恶的词或表示。

The Victorians, uncomfortable with the physical side of human existence, had euphemisms for most bodily functions.

维多利亚时代的人对人类存在的身体方面感到不舒服，对大多数身体功能都有委婉语。

The use of euphemisms is an ancient part of the English language, and perhaps of all languages, and all of us use them. Golly and gosh started out as euphemisms for God, and darn is a familiar euphemism for damn. Shoot, shucks, and sugar are all euphemistic substitutes for a well-known vulgar word. Pass away for die, misspeak for lie, downsize for fire, senior citizen for old person-the list goes on and on.

委婉语的使用是英语的一个古老部分，也许是所有语言的一部分，我们所有人都在使用它们。Golly和gosh一开始是上帝的委婉语，darn是人们熟悉的damn的委婉语。shoot、shucks和sugar都是一个众所周知的粗俗词shit的委婉替代品。pass away是死亡的委婉语，misspeak是撒谎的委婉语，downsize是解雇的委婉语，senior citizen是老年人的委婉语。这些委婉语还一直在持续添加。

euphoria   [juːˈfɔːriə]

n.兴奋;(通常指持续时间较短的)极度愉快的心情;极度兴奋的情绪

A strong feeling of well-being or happiness.

一种强烈的幸福感或幸福感。

Swept up in the euphoria of a Super Bowl victory, the whole city seemed to have poured out into the streets.

在超级碗胜利的喜悦中，整个城市似乎都涌上了街头。

Euphoria is the feeling of an intense (and usually temporary) “high.” Doctors use the word for the kind of abnormal or inappropriate high spirits that might be caused by a drug or by mental illness, but euphoria is usually natural and appropriate. When we win enough money in the lottery to buy several small Pacific islands, or ever just when the home team wins the championship, we have good reason to feel euphoric.

喜悦是一种强烈(通常是暂时的)“兴奋”的感觉。医生用这个词来形容可能由药物或精神疾病引起的异常或不适当的情绪高涨，但喜悦通常是自然和适当的。当我们在彩票中赢得足够的钱来购买几个太平洋小岛时，或者当主队赢得冠军时，我们有充分的理由感到高兴。

eulogy   [ˈjuːlədʒi]

n.悼词;颂词;颂文;(颂扬死者的)悼文

(1) A formal speech or writing especially in honor of a dead person. (2) High praise.

(1) 正式的演讲或写作，尤指为了纪念一个死去的人。(2) 高度赞扬。

The book was a fond eulogy to the 1950s, when Americans had joined social organizations of all kinds.

这本书是对20世纪50年代的一篇深情的颂词，当时美国人加入了各种社会组织。

With its -logy ending, eulogy means literally something like "good speech." We are told to speak only good of the dead, but a eulogist actually makes a speech in the dead person's honor-or often instead for someone living, who might actually be there in the audience. The most famous eulogies include Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and Pericles' funeral oration for the Athenian warriors; but these are only two of the many great eulogies, which continue to be delivered not only at funerals and memorial services but at retirement parties, anniversary parties, and birthday parties.

以-logy作为后缀，讴歌的字面意思是“好的演讲”。我们被告知只说死者的好，但讴歌者实际上是为了纪念死者而发表演讲，或者通常是为了活着的人，而活着的人可能真的在观众席上。最著名的颂词包括林肯的葛底斯堡演说和伯里克利为雅典战士举行的葬礼致辞；但这只是众多伟大的颂词中的两篇，不仅在葬礼和追悼会上，而且在退休派对、周年纪念派对和生日派对上都会继续发表。

40『DYS』

DYS comes from Greek, where it means "bad" or "difficult." So dysphagia is difficult swallowing, and dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing. Dysphasia is an inability to use and understand language because of injury to or disease of the brain. Dys- is sometimes close in meaning to dis-, but try not to confuse the two.

DYS来自希腊语，意思是“糟糕”或“困难”。因此吞咽困难是吞咽困难，呼吸困难是呼吸困难或吃力。语言障碍是指由于大脑损伤或疾病而无法使用和理解语言。Dys-有时在意思上接近dis-，但尽量不要混淆两者。

dystopia   [dɪsˈtoʊpiə]

n.反乌托邦，反面假想国，敌托帮(极度恶劣的假想处境或状况)

An imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives.

一个想象中的地方，人们在那里过着非人的、常常是恐惧的生活。

For a 10-year-old British boy, boarding school could be a grim dystopia, with no comforts, harsh punishments, and constant bullying.

对于一个10岁的英国男孩来说，寄宿学校可能是一个严峻的反乌托邦，没有舒适、严厉的惩罚和持续的欺凌。

Dystopia was created from Utopia, the name of an ideal country imagined by Sir Thomas More in 1516. For More, the suffix -topia meant "place", and u- (from the Greek root ou) meant "no," but also perhaps "good". In other words, More's Utopia was too good to be true. It's probably no accident that dystopia was first used around 1950, soon after George Orwell published his famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and 16 years after Aldous Huxley published Brave New World. These two are still the most famous of the 20th century's many depressingly dystopian novels. And what about all those bleak futuristic films: Blade Runner, Brazil, The Matrix, and the rest? What does it mean when no one will paint a picture of a happy future?

反乌托邦是由托马斯·莫尔爵士在1516年设想的理想国家的名字“乌托邦”产生的。对于莫尔来说，后缀-topia的意思是“地方”，u-(来自希腊词根ou)的意思是“不”，但也可能是“好”。换句话说，莫尔的乌托邦太好了，不可能是真的。1950年左右，乔治·奥威尔出版了他的著名小说《一九八四》16年后，奥尔德斯·赫胥黎出版了《美丽新世界》，反乌托邦首次被使用，这可能不是偶然的。这两部小说仍然是20世纪许多令人沮丧的反乌托邦小说中最著名的。那么所有那些黯淡的未来主义电影呢：《银翼杀手》、《巴西》、《黑客帝国》和其他电影呢？当没有人会描绘一幅幸福的未来时，这意味着什么？

dyslexia   [dɪsˈleksiə]

n.诵读困难

A disturbance or interference with the ability to read or to use language.

对阅读或使用语言的能力的干扰。

She managed to deal with her dyslexia through careful tutoring all throughout elementary school.

她在整个小学期间都通过认真的辅导来解决阅读障碍。

Dyslexia is a neurological disorder that usually affects people of average or superior intelligence. Dyslexic individuals have an impaired ability to recognize and process words and letters. Dyslexia usually shows itself in the tendency to read and write words and letters in reversed order; sometimes similar reversals occur in the person's speech. Dyslexia has been shown to be treatable through patient instruction in proper reading techniques.

诵读困难是一种神经系统疾病，通常影响智力一般或较高的人。诵读困难的人识别和处理单词和字母的能力受损。阅读障碍通常表现为以相反的顺序读写单词和字母的倾向；有时，在对方的讲话中也会出现类似的反转。阅读障碍已被证明可以通过患者正确的阅读技巧进行指导来治疗。

dyspeptic   [dɪsˈpeptɪk]

adj.消化不良;暴躁的;患消化不良的;脾气坏的

n.消化不良的人

(1) Relating to or suffering from indigestion. (2) Having an irritable temperament; ill-humored.

(1) 与消化不良有关的或患有消化不良的。(2) 脾气暴躁的；脾气暴躁的；不幽默。

For decades the dyspeptic columnist served as the newspaper’s-and the city's-resident grouch.

几十年来，这位消化不良的专栏作家一直是报纸和城市居民的抱怨对象。

Dyspepsia comes from the Greek word for "bad digestion." Interestingly, the Greek verb pessein can mean either "to cook" or "to digest"; bad cooking has been responsible for a lot of dyspepsia. Dyspepsia can be caused by many diseases, but dyspeptic individuals are often the victims of their own habits and appetites. Worry, overeating, inadequate chewing, and excessive smoking and drinking can all bring on dyspepsia. Today we generally use dyspeptic to mean "irritable"-that is, in the kind of mood that could be produced by bad digestion.

消化不良来自希腊语中“消化不良”的意思。有趣的是，希腊语动词pessein的意思可以是“烹饪”或“消化”；糟糕的烹饪导致了很多消化不良。消化不良可能由许多疾病引起，但消化不良的人往往是自己习惯和食欲的受害者。忧虑、暴饮暴食、咀嚼不足、过度吸烟和饮酒都会导致消化不良。今天，我们通常用消化不良来表示“易怒”，即消化不良可能产生的情绪。

dysplasia   [dɪˈspleɪʒə]

n.发育不良；发育异常

Abnormal development of cells or organs, or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth.

细胞或器官的异常发育，或由这种生长引起的异常结构。

The infant was born with minor hip dysplasia, which was fixed by a routine operation.

婴儿出生时患有轻微的髋关节发育不良，通过常规手术进行了固定。

Of the dozens of medical terms that begin with the dys- prefix, dysplasia (with the suffix -plasia, meaning "development") is one of the more common, though not many nondoctors know it. Structural dysplasias are usually something you're born with; they often involve the hip or the kidneys. But cell dysplasia is often associated with cancer. And a dysplastic mole-a mole that changes shape in an odd way-is always something to be concerned about.

在以dys前缀开头的数十个医学术语中，发育不良(后缀为-plasia，意思是“发育”)是最常见的一个，尽管没有多少非医生知道。结构性发育不良通常是你天生就有的；它们通常涉及髋关节或肾脏。但细胞异型增生往往与癌症有关。而发育异常分子——一种以奇怪方式改变形状的分子——总是值得关注的。