自动变速器换档规律的研究 外文翻译

外文翻译

the researchs of

amt shifting schedules

Vehicular Automatic Transmission can be divided into three types: Automatic Transmission (AT), Automated Mechanical Transmission (AMT) and Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). AMT has become a kind of transmission that is full of potentiality, due to its high transfer efficiency, low cost and easiness to manufacture.

The research on AMT shifting performance is key technology in the developing. Shifting performance directly influence the market competition and industrialization of AMT.

AMT has good market expectation, but during the shifting procedure, the power must be cut off which causes the poor shifting performance than AT and CVT. Only through improving the shifting performance can the commercial competence be established. So the virtual important thing is to find the way to improve shifting performance.

The development of AMT can be divided into three phases: semi-automatic, automatic and intelligent. The two major part of AMT are: the hardware including the mastered object, executor, sensors and TCU; and the software performing the control strategy.

The performance of AT shift influences greatly the performance of the vehicle. So the research on at shift quality is an important problem in the domain of AT researching. Shift quality control of AT is accomplished by electronic and hydraulic system. To shift smoothly, according the real time throttle valve opening and vehicle speed signal, the controller sends electronic signals to control oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements. this paper analyzes and research detailed shift quality control system，the analyzing model of shifting process and pressure changing curve of the applying elements

Firstly this paper summarizes the existing evaluated quota of shift quality, and fully analyzes and introduces the existing control manner of AT shift quality.

To meet the needs of research of vehicle starting and the real time control of shift, this paper puts forward a simplified model of engine-torque and a dynamics model of AT shifting process. Through the applying of the established model, this paper fully analyzes the process of the AT shifting.

This paper drafts the proper oil pressure changing curve of the applying elements which can improve the AT shift quality, and gives the material calculated methods of the AG4 AT. This paper simulates the AG4 AT’s shifting process of 2H to 3H.The results of the simulation validate the established simplified models and the expected oil pressure changing curve.

This paper fully analyzes the mechanism of the pressure regulating and flow controlling system of the AG4 AT, and preparatory discusses the design of the block-diagram of the shift quality control. This paper test the control system and hydraulic system of the AG4 AT by the AT hydraulic-electronic testing-bed. The result of the test validates the correction of these analyses.

Automated Mechanical Transmission, as so called AMT, is a new-style transmission system.  AMT technology applies the automatic technology to the manual mechanical transmission and makes the selection-gear, shift, clutch and throttle implement automatically. AMT technology is suitable for the situation of our country, and has an expansive market and development foreground. Shift schedules decide the time to shift and are the soul of the AMT. When the AMT is working, by comparing the states of the vehicle with the optimal shift schedules, the AMT decides the optimal shift time and achieves the shift automatically.  This will lessen the tiredness of the driver and improve the safety.  At the same time, the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle can also be improved.  The author chooses the shift schedule as the key technology problem to be researched and the main study aim of this thesis is to get the optimal shift schedules for the AMT and so improve the power and fuel-economy of the vehicle. Through analyzing the influence factors of power and fuel-economy for the automobile, the author get the establishment methods for the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule. In order to solve the influence of mass on the shift schedule, the author presents a variable-structure-controlled shift system. This enriches the theory of shift schedules. Because the computer simulation can save a lot of manpower and material resources comparing with the true-car test, so in this thesis, the author uses the simulation toolbox Matlab/Simulate to setup the simulation model for shift schedules. Using this model, the optimal-power shift schedule and optimal fuel-economy shift schedule above are simulated and proved to be reasonable.

Shifting performance is defined as the extent of swiftness and softness during the procedure of non-power shifting and to extend the life of the power train. The index is comfort of passenger, time duration and shock, nine factors maybe influence the shifting performance, and two experimental methods can be used to investigate the nature of this performance: one is collecting real-time data during road experiment and analyzing them, the other is the simulation of the operation conditions of the vehicle.

The core of the AMT system is the control strategy, the principle of the clutch engagement, shifting procedure, the choice of control method and the CAN communication between TCU and ECU can influence the shifting performance.

Shifting schedule is the schedule of auto shifting time between two shifts with controlling parameters. It includes economical and dynamical shifting schedule. At present, shifting schedule of two controlling parameters (vehicle speed and opening on throttle) is mainly used. If shifting schedule is not good, shifting will not happen at right time and the working condition of engine will be severe. It will make the sound of engine abnormally and stability badly through the whole shifting procession. Sometimes even flame out Schedule of clutch engagement is determined by releasing journey of clutch, opening of throttle, shifting, vehicle speed and loading. The main

Controlling goals are engaging quantity and engaging speed. The engaging control of clutch is mainly referred to the control of engaging speed. It is divided into three stages: fast, slow, fast.  Shifting quality is directly influenced by the second stage. If engaging harder, it will make shifting concussion, even flame out; if engaging more slowly, it will make the friction time longer and reduce its longevity.  The main controlling parameters are difference between initiative and passive and torques on both sides. When torques being approximately equal, it is proved by experiments that it  can guarantee shifting time and not make concussion through the procession of engagement at the time of difference of rotating speed below some value. Meanwhile, the abrasion of clutch is not severe.

Shifting procedure is the procedure through working harmoniously among engine, clutch and transmission. Their cooperation will affect shifting time heavily.  In order to decrease the shifting time,   the time that is spent on the friction of the clutch should be decreased first.  If we intend to increase the time of non-load stage, which helps to minimize the difference of the rotary speed between the driving disc and the driven disc. If we intend to shorten the time of the non-load stage, engage the clutch immediately after the gear change. The clutch can engage in a satisfying period if the new method of controlling the engaging speed of the clutch is realizable. And the time that is spent on synchronizing the gears should also be shortened. It can be realized in the following two ways.  The first is to decrease the difference of the driving gear and the driven gear.  The second is to increase the shifting force.  If realizing the union control between ECU and TCU by CAN bus, AMT has the best control and the best shifting performance by use of communication strategy between TCU and ECU.

Influence on shifting performance by hardware

The elements in hardware system are the basis of proper functions of AMT. Executors, sensors, electronic components, hydraulic systems have influences on shifting performance, the choice of hardware parameters is of vital important to improvement of shifting performance.

With the development of the theory and technology of vehicle, the technical increasingly mature of microprocessor and the extensive application of electronic technique on the car, people have no limit at satisfying the automotive means of transportation only, facing gradually from the request of the car power, economy and easily manipulating, flexibility, safety, an d the intelligent type of car becomes the focus in the vision of people increasingly. Company’s publicity slogan of" person, car, life"," make people the center" etc.  On the side exhibit the expectation of people to the automotive individuation, humanity.

In the development direction of the car intelligence, the intelligence of the automatic gearbox has important effect. But the intelligence of the automatic gearbox embodies at the establishment of the shift regulation. For the fashion, for satisfying people to the new automotive request, for competitive advantage of the car type, at present, each big factory in world worked very much in shift regulation of new car type.  Among those, the most arresting is AL4 automatic gearbox developed by PEUGEOT/CITROEN and RENAULT in that there unexpectedly are the 10 kinds of so many shift regulations. In the big system of person— car — road, the good and bad of the car control, reflect primarily in the coordination of the vehicle and environment (road), the coordination of the vehicle and person. And so,  the electronic automatic control system can save various regulations to provide the driver to choose to use, not only having the economic regulation, motive (call to sport the type again) regulation, but also still having the general (usual) regulation,  environment temperature and regulation with the outsider condition variety etc. Namely, the point of shifting can be freely enacted for every kind of regulation.  In the intelligence direction of the shift regulation, everyone has made much work up to now,  parts of the results has been applied on the car. But the work that developing this intelligent shift regulation still is hard, this is mainly because of:

1. The intelligence degree of the current intelligent gearbox needs to be increased, and it expresses at that accurate degree to identify environment is not high and to identify the driver’s driving can't give satisfaction.

2. The intelligence function is still not perfect. The intelligent automatically shift system is an open system; it must be continuously perfect and plentiful on the current foundation. Only this way, it can adapt to the driving request of the different drivers, reducing the driver’s labor strength, increasing the performance of the whole vehicle.

Conventional design method which used in the structure parameters' design of automobile gear box and synchronizer is a time-wasting job and hard work, and it is difficult to get idea design parameters and no good to the enhancement of products qualities. The optimum design of automobile gearbox and synchronizer which take the advantage of computers seeking the best structure parameters within constrains is a perfect and high-quality design method. The main target of this article is to set up a optimum mathematical model of structure parameters of the truck's gearbox and synchronizer, the auth or use a optimum method based on K-T equation to improve the design level of automobile gearbox and synchronizer. Gear box is a important part of transmission, so the optimization of automobile gearbox is very important because the transmission is a main part of automobile.  According to the design request and character sofa sort of truck, the optimum mathematical model of truck's gearbox is analyzed and set up in this article to decrease its weight and volume when the strength, stiffness, and lifetime of parts are permitted. And we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing it's parameter for instance.

Synchronizer is a important part of automobile gearbox, it make drive gear and driven gear engaged after their synchronized, so it can decrease engaged shock and noise, it can decrease shift forcing and make it comfort to gear shift and increase the life of synchronizer.  The synchronized process of synchronizer is analyzed in this article; we can receive a satisfaction result through optimizing its influence parameter for instance when the synchronized time is the shortest. The optimum toolbox of MATLAB is a convenient of ware of modern optimization with fast speed and powerful function. The algorithms of different mathematical subsets are divided into different librarians in the form of functions in MATLAB optimum toolbox. When we use them, we just call the functions and give special parameters to solve the problems and this will be fast and accurate. The author gives an optimum design for automobile gearbox and synchronizer by using the optimum toolbox of MATLAB and receives a satisfaction result.

自动变速器换档规律的研究

车辆自动变速器通常分为液力机械式自动变速器（简称AT）、电控机械式自动变速器（简称AMT）和机械式无级变速器（简称CVT）。AMT以其传动效率高、成本低和易于制造等优点成为一种具有极具发展潜力的自动变速器。AMT 换档品质的研究则是AMT技术体系研究中关键的一环，换档品质的好坏真接影响到AMT产业化进程及在市场上的竞争能力。

AMT有很好的市场前景，但由于AMT 的换档过程必需切断动力，所以其换档品质较AT和CVT要差一些。只有提高AMT的换档品质，使之接近或超过AT、CVT的换档品质，方能在市场上形成竞争力。所以对AMT换档品质的研究就成为AMT 技术体系研究中关键的一环。

AMT发展分为三个阶段：半自动的SAMT阶段、全自动阶段和智能阶段。AMT 结构分为硬件和软件两部分，硬件系统包括被控对象、执行机构、传感器、TCU等；软件系统由实现控制策略的软件组成。

自动变速器(AT)的换档性能的优劣对整车性能有很大的影响。自动变速器换档品质问题研究是自动变速箱研究领域中的一个重要研究课题。换档品质的控制通过电液系统来完成。控制器根据实时的油门开度、车速等信号，发出操纵指令控制换档结合元件的油压变化规律，实现平稳换档。本文对自动变速器的换档品质控制系统、换档过程结合元件油压变化规律进行了较深入的分析和研究。

文中首先对换档品质的现有评价方法和指标进行了分析和总结，并对现有AT换档品质的控制方式进行了较为全面的介绍和分析。

提出了一种自动变速器换档过程分析的等效力学模型和发动机一变矩器动力学简化模型，以适应车辆起步、换档实时控制研究的需要。应用所建立的数学模型，对自动变速器的换档过程进行了详细的分析。

制定了适当的换档过渡过程结合元件的油压变化规律，可改变自动变速器的换档品质。对AG4自动变速箱的油压控制给出了具体的计算方法。可改善自动变速器的换档品以AG4自动变速箱2H档到3H档为例进行了模拟仿真，仿真的结果对所建立的简化模型和提出的期望油压规律进行了验证。

详细分析了AG4液压操纵系统的供油调压和换档品质控制工作原理。并对换档品质控制的框图设计做了初步的探讨。利用自动变速器电液控制试验台对AG4自动变速箱的控制系统和液压系统进行了测试。通过试验验证了本文所建立的数学模型及其分析结论。

电控机械式自动变速器(Automated Mechanical Transmission, AMT)是一种新型的自动变速系统，其通过对手动固定轴式变速器和干式摩擦离合器的自动化改造从而实现了选档、换档以及离合器和油门的自动操纵。AMT技术适合我国国情，有着广泛的市场和发展前途。换档规律是电控机械式自动变速器的灵魂，它是判断换档时机的依据。在应用中，通过将采集的车辆行驶状态与换档规律相对比，从而判断是否达到最佳的换档点并自动执行换档操作，这样大大减轻了驾驶员的疲劳，提高行驶安全，同时使整车具有较好的动力性及燃油经济性。本论文选择电控机械式自动变速器换档规律这一关键性问题作为研究对象，研究目的是为AMT制定最佳的换档规律以提高车辆的动力性和燃油经济性。通过对影响车辆动力性和燃油经济性的因素进行分析，本论文推导了最佳动力性和最佳燃油经济性换档规律的制定方法。为解决质量影响问题，提出了一种变结构的最佳换档系统，丰富了换档规律理论。鉴于计算机仿真技术与实车测试相比可以节省大量的人力物力，本论文在进行换档规律的设计中，采用Matlab/Simulate仿真工具箱建立了最佳换档规律的仿真模型，利用此仿真模型对制定的最佳动力性和最佳燃油经济性换档规律进行仿真，仿真结果表明本论文所建立的换档规律是合理的。

换档品质是指在保证动力传动系统寿命的前提下，能够迅速、平稳换档的程度，其评价的指标主要是舒适性，量化指标包括换档时间和冲击度。换档品质的影响因素包括软、硬件两方面九大因素，并且可用两种实验方法对换档品质进行研究，一种是整车道路实验实时采集数据进行分析；第二种方法就是通过做模拟整车工况的台架实验。

AMT的控制策略是AMT控制的全部控制思想，控制策略里换档规律、离合器结合规律、换档时序、控制方法的选择、以及近来比较热门的通过CAN总线实现的TCU和ECU通讯策略都对档品质有影响，控制策略制订得是否合理，将直接决定AMT 的换档品质。

换档规律是指两排档间自动换档时刻随控制参数变化的规律，包括经济性和动力性换档规律。目前汽车上多用两控制参数（车速和油门开度）的换档规律。换档规律没做好，就会使汽车在不该换档的时候换档，该换档的时候不换档，使发动机工况严重不好，造成整个换档过程中发动机声音的异常和平顺性的不良，有时还可能使发动机熄火。离合器结合规律受离合器释放行程、油门开度、发动机转速、档位和车速、载荷等素影响，主要控制目标是结合量和结合速度。而离合器接合控制主要指接合速度的控制，大体上分快、慢、快三个阶段。其中直接影响换档品质的是第二阶段，如果接合过快将造成换档冲击，甚至熄火；若过慢将使离合器滑磨时间过长，有损其寿命。控制的参数主要是离合器主从动片转速差及两边扭矩值,实验表明在扭矩值大致相同，转速差小于一定值时接合离合器既能保证换档时间又不会产生冲击，离合器磨损也不太严重。

换档时序是发动机、离合器、变速器三者协调动作的时序 ,它们的配合情况对换档时间有很大的影响。减小换挡时间最重要的是尽可能地缩小离合器滑摩时间。如果延长空载阶段时间，将减小离合器主从动盘转速差。有利于缩短滑摩时间。如果尽可能缩短空载时间，挂上新挡后立即接合离合器，如果离合器接合速度控制的新方法可行，也可以在较短的时间内完成离合器的接合。其次是减小齿轮同步时间，这可以通过两种方式实现：1.减小齿轮间转速差；2.增大换挡力。

运用TCU和ECU通讯策略，通过CAN总线实现发动机和变速器之间的联合控制，AMT能够达到最优控制，获得最理想的换档品质。

硬件系统元器件性能对换档品质的影响：

硬件系统元器件实现AMT功能的基础，硬件系统里执行机构、传感器、电子元器件、液压系统等都对换档品质有影响，硬件参数的选择对AMT换档品质的提高是至关重要的。

伴随汽车理论技术的发展，微处理器的技术的日益成熟和电子技术在汽车上的广泛应用，人们已经不再只局限于满足汽车的代步功能，对汽车动力性、经济性的要求逐步向易操纵性、机动性、安全性转移，智能型汽车日益成为人们目光中的焦点。商家的“人、车、生活”,“以人为本”等宣传口号也侧面体现了人们对汽车的个性化、人性化的期望。

在汽车智能化的发展方向上，自动变速器的智能化占有重要一席。而自动变速器的智能化又集中体现在换挡规律的制定上。为顺应潮流，为满足人们对汽车的新要求，加强各自车型的竞争优势，目前，世界各大厂商在新车型的换挡规律上大做文章，最引人注意的是标致—雪铁龙集团和雷诺公司开发的AL4 自动变速器竟内置了10 种换挡规律之多。在人—车—路的大系统中，汽车控制的优劣，主要反映在车辆与环境（路）的协调、车辆与人的协调，故电子自动控制系统可存储多种规律供驾驶员选用，不仅有经济性规律、动力性（又称运动型）规律，而且还有一般（日常）规律、环境温度以及随外界条件变化的规律等。 即换挡点可以自由设定为各种规律。在换挡规律智能化的方向上，各方面至今已作了不少的工作，其中部分成果已开始在汽车上应用。但是开发此项智能换挡规律的工作依然艰巨，这主要因为：

1.现有的智能变速器的智能程度有待提高，它表现在对环境的识别判断的准确度不高，对驾驶员的意图识别不能令人满意。

2.智能功能还不完善。智能自动变速系统是开放的系统，它应在现有的基础上不断完善、丰富，只有这样才能适应不同驾驶员的驾驶要求，减少驾驶员的

劳动强度，提高汽车的整体性能。适应驾驶员个性的换挡规律是研究项目中的重要一项，为了使汽车能够在选换挡时体现不同驾驶员的风格特点，适应不同驾驶员的对加速的不同要求，前人工作的基础上对适应驾驶员风格的换挡规律作了较为深入的研究，对驾驶员的驾驶意图、风格特点提出了新的识别策略，并系统地提出了换挡智能调整控制的解决方案。

传统设计方法设计汽车变速器与同步器结构参数是一项非常费时和艰苦的工作，而且难以求得较理想的设计参数，不利于产品性能的提高。变速器与同步器的优化设计则可利用计算机在约束域内按预定目标高速有效地优选出最佳的结构参数，是一种理想的高质量的设计方法。研究的主要目标是建立一个载货汽车变速器与同步器结构参数的优化设计数学模型，采用基于K-T(Kuhn-Tucker)方程解的方法进行优化计算，以期提高汽车变速器与同步器的设计水平。汽车传动系是汽车的主要组成部分，变速器又是传动系的重要部件，因此汽车变速器的优化设计十分重要。以轻型载货汽车为例，根据汽车变速器的设计要求与特点，在保证零件的强度、刚度、使用寿命等条件下，以减少重量和体积作为追求目标，分析建立了载货汽车变速器优化设计的数学模型，并通过实例对其进行了参数优化，获得了满意的设计效果。

同步器是汽车变速器的重要部件，它使变速器主、从动部分同步后再接合，从而减少接合冲击和噪声，减轻换档力，使换档平顺，从而延长了变速器的寿命。通过对同步器同步过程的分析，在保证同步时间最短的前提下，对影响同步性能的参数进行了优化计算，获得了满意的设计效果。MATLAB的优化工具箱，是现代优化设计中的一个很方便的软件，运算速度快，功能强大。它将不同数学分支的算法以函数的形式分类成库，使用时直接调用这些函数并赋予实际参数就可以解决问题，快速而且准确。可以通过实例运用MATLAB优化工具箱对某汽车变速器与同步器结构参数进行优化设计，取得了满意的设计效果。