外研版（2019）必修 第一册Unit 1 A new start学案（3份打包）

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Unit 1 A new startDeveloping ideas学习目标1. 掌握本节生词的表达与运用。2. 掌握介绍高中生活的写作3. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。知识运用1. award词性：____________ 意思：_____________an award ceremony 颁奖仪式win/get/receive an award (for sth.) (因某事)获奖give sb. an award给某人颁奖present sb. with an award 给某人颁奖award sb.sth = award sth.to sb.把某物授予某人练习：He won the _________ for his excellent performance.2. opportunity词性：____________ 意思：_____________have an opportunity to do sth. 有做某事的机会take/scize an opportunity 把握住/ 抓住机会take advantage of the opportunity to do sth. 利用做某事的机会练习：Our company provides equal _________ (opportunity) for women.3. view词性：____________ 意思：_____________in/out of view 在视线范围内/外come into view 进入视野in view of 鉴于，考虑到，由于in one's view= in one's opinion 在某人看来take/hold the view that… 持有……的观点 view … as … 将……视为……（被动形式：be viewed as 被视为）练习： _________(依我看), it was a waste of time.4. frightened词性：____________ 意思：_____________frighten v. 使害怕，使惊吓frightening ad. 令人害怕的，吓人的，可怕的be frightened of (doing) sth. 害怕（做）某事be frightened to do sth. 不敢做某事be frightened that... 害怕……frighten sb. into doing sth. 吓得某人做某事frighten sb. out of doing sth. 吓得某人不敢做某事frighten away/off吓走，吓跑frighten sb. to death 把某人吓得要死练习：In fact, he is _________ to go out alone at night.5. figure词性：____________ 意思：_____________figure (that) …认为 have a good figure 身材好a five-sided figure 五边形figure out 弄清楚，弄明白；计算出keep/lose one's figure 保持/ 破坏身材the latest sales figures 最新的销售数据练习：If you don't understand something, you may research, study and talk to other people until you ___________(把它弄清楚).6. select词性：____________ 意思：_____________selection n. 挑选;选拔selective adj.有选择的，选择性的select sb. to do sth. 挑选某人做某事select…as…挑选……作为select sb. for sth.为某事挑选某人select…from. 从……中选出……a selection of 可供选择的练习：___________ (select) a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.7. struggle词性：____________ 意思：_____________struggle for 为……而斗争struggle with/against 与……作斗争struggle to do sth. 努力做某事struggle to one's feet 挣扎着站起来It's (not) a struggle to do 做……（不）是件难事a struggle between…and… ……与……之间的斗争a struggle to do sth. 为做……而进行的斗争/ 努力练习：The brave volunteers are ___________ for the happiness of the poor.8. exchange词性：____________ 意思：_____________exchange...for... 以……换取。exchange sth. with sb.和某人交换某物in exchange for 作为……的交换an exchange of ideas/information 想法/信息交流练习：What would you give me ___________(换取) my insect collection.阅读探究Read the passage and answer the questions.1. What did Lisa find most helpful when she started high school 2. How did she deal with new challenges 3. How did she handle disappointments 句型梳理1.（教材P9）But life is not always easy. 可是生活并非总是一帆风顺。部分否定的用法总括性代词或副词与 not 连用时，表示部分否定。这类总括性词有all, both, each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere, always, altogether 等。All the people didn't arrive on schedule. = Not all the people arrived on schedule． 并非所有的人都按时到达。全部否定表达法：表示全部否定意义的词(none, neither, nothing ,nobody, never 等)与肯定形式的谓语动词连用。None of us could persuade him into giving up his plan.我们谁也不能说服他放弃他的计划。Nobody can figure out the losses at this time.目前没有人能对损失作出估计。2.（教材P9）You must have had some moments when you were disappointed.你肯定也经历过灰心丧气的时刻。“情态动词+have done”结构的用法（1）must have done表示对过去发生事情所作出的合理或很有把握的推测，意为“想必/ 准是/ 一定……”，只用于肯定句中，在否定句中通常被“can't have done”代替。From what you said, she must have told you all about it.从你所说的来看，她一定把一切都告诉你了。（2）can't have done一般用于否定句中，用于表示对过去所发生事情的推测。could have done用于肯定句时，表示“可能已经做过某事”或“本有能力做某事而未做”。Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now.史密斯先生不可能去北京了，因为我刚才还在图书馆看见他了。（3）should/ ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事而（实际上）没有做”，含有责备或遗憾的语气；shouldn't/ ought not to have done 表示“某种行为不该发生却发生了”。You should have done more exercise before.以前你应该多进行锻炼。（4）need have done 表示“本需要做而实际未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而实际做了”。As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn't have dressed up so formally.最后证实那是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本来不必要盛装打扮的。（5）may/ might have done 表示对过去发生的事情的推测，意思是“也许已经做了某事，可能已经做了某事”，多用在肯定句中，用might时表示语气更加不肯定。You might have read about it in the papers.你可能已经在报上看过这个消息了。写作技巧主题写作——介绍高中生活写作任务假定你是李华，最近你的英国笔友Tom给你写了一封电子邮件，询问你进入高中后学校生活的情况。请你根据以下内容提示给他回封电子邮件，介绍一下你的学习情况。1. 学习难度加大，学习内容增多；2. 渴望交到新朋友；3. 老师和同学们很好相处。注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________写作思路（一审、二定、三明确、四分段）（1）一审：确定写作体裁和主题体裁：应用文主题：新生的校园生活（2）二定：确定时态和人称（与体裁和主题息息相关）时态：一般现在时为主 人称：第一人称（3）三明确： 明确写作要点：①内容要求：a. 开篇点明主题；b. 介绍情况；c. 期待回复。②词数要求：80左右。（4）四分段：（与写作要点息息相关）结合写作要点分为三个段落。3. 关键词语：senior high school, a big challenge, put me under pressure, cover more, be anxious to make new friends, be easy to get along with, have confidence in/feel confident, beyond description4. 高分作文Dear Tom,Thank you for writing to me. In your last letter, you asked me about my new school life. Now I'll tell you.Going to senior high school is a really big challenge, which puts us under pressure. Learning is more difficult now because what we learn in class covers more. Besides, I am anxious to make new friends on campus. Luckily, our teachers and classmates are easy to get along with. Now I have confidence in myself and my happiness is beyond description. I'll go all out to improve myself.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours,Li Hua答案知识运用1. award 2. opportunities 3. In my view 4. frightened 5. figure it out6. Selecting 7. struggling 8. in exchange for阅读探究1. She found that Orientation Day was really helpful. It's a fantastic opportunity for new students to get to know the school and the other students.2. She figured we'd better just go all out and see what happens. If you fail, no problem next time you can fail better!3. At first she was sad. Later she just kept working hard and encouraged herself to be part of something she loved in another way.2Unit 1 A new startUnderstanding ideas学习目标1. 掌握本节生词、短语及句型的表达与运用。2. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。知识运用1. curious词性：____________ 意思：_____________curiosity n. 好奇心be curious to do sth. 很想做某事be curious about 对……感到好奇It is curious that … ……真是奇怪out of curiosity 出于好奇satisfy one's curiosity 满足某人的好奇心with curiosity 好奇地练习：Meng Hao was curious ______ (get) to know his senior high school, so he arrived early.2. impression词性：____________ 意思：_____________impress v. 使钦佩，使留下深刻印象get/have a good/bad impression of 对……的印象好/不好leave/make a(n) … impression on sb. 给某人留下……的印象impress sb. with sth. 某物给某人留下深刻印象be impressed with/by 对……印象深刻impress sth. on sb. 使某人了解某事的重要性练习：What the teacher said about challenges left a deep ______(impress) on us.3. moment词性：____________ 意思：_____________at the moment 目前，眼下，此刻for the moment 暂时，目前(=for the time being = at present)for a moment 片刻，一会儿(=for a while/minute)in a moment 立即，马上(=in a while/minute)within a moment or two 过了片刻练习：Turn on the heater(加热器) and the room will be warm ______.4. eagerness词性：____________ 意思：_____________eager adj. 热切的，渴望的eagerly adv. 热切地，渴望地in one's eagerness to do… 渴望做……，急于做……with eagerness 热切地be eager for sth. 渴望得到某物be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事练习：Generally, a new student is eager _______ (explore) everything on campus.5. organise词性：____________ 意思：_____________organised adj. 有组织的，有条理的organiser n. 组织者organisation n. 组织，团体，机构organise a meeting/party/trip 组织会议/聚会/旅行organise books on the shelf 整理书架上的书organise one's thought 理一理思绪well/badly/carefully/ organised 组织良好的/糟糕的/周密的练习：In my view, London is not expensive as Tokyo but Tokyo is more ______(organise) in traffic.6. panic词性：____________ 意思：_____________in panic 惊慌地be in a panic 处于恐慌中(表示状态)get into a panic 陷入恐慌(表示动作)panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人慌张地做某事练习：Office workers fled ______(惊慌地) as the fire broke out.7. challenge词性：____________ 意思：_____________the challenge of doing sth. 做某事的挑战face/meet a challenge 面对/迎接挑战take up/accept a challenge 接受挑战challenge sb. to (do) sth. 向某人挑战(做)某事练习：I challenged him _______ a game of chess.8. pressure词性：____________ 意思：_____________press v. 按，压；催促；敦促under pressure 在压力下under the pressure of 在……的压力下put pressure on sb. 给某人施加压力(=put sb. under pressure)be/come under pressure to do sth. 面临做某事的压力reduce pressure 减轻压力press sb. to do sth. 催促某人做某事press on 坚定地继续(尤指工作)练习：The team performed well ______(在压力下).9. depend on意思：_____________depend on + how/what/whatever从句 取决于……depend on sb. to do sth. 指望某人做某事depend on one's doing sth. 指望某人做某事depend on sb. for sth. 依靠某人获得某物depend on it that… 相信……It (all) depends. /That depends. 那得看情况。练习：Whether you make the most of your time at senior high _______(depend) on what you do.10. confident词性：____________ 意思：_____________confidence n. 信心be confident about 对……有信心be confident of 对……有把握be confident (that)… 确信……a confident smile 自信的微笑have/lose confidence in 对……有/失去信心have confidence to do sth. 有信心做某事with confidence 有信心地练习：The young man is confident about _______(persuade) people to buy what he sells.阅读探究1. From the first paragraph, we know that the author _______.A. was worried about his new school lifeB. was excited about his new school lifeC. threw doubt on his new school lifeD. was uncertain about his new school life2. What made Meng Hao surprised in his first class A. His new teacher's speech.B. His new classroom.C. His English teacher.D. His new classmates.3. How did Meng Hao react to the task of self-introduction A. Nervously. B. Actively.C. Coldly. D. Tiredly.4. What does the text mainly talk about A. My new English teacher.B. How to face challenges at school.C. How to make self-introduction.D. A good beginning to my new school life.句型梳理1. （教材P2）I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard when I heard a voice behind me.我正在浏览公告牌上的照片,身后忽然传来一个声音。Sb. was doing...when... 某人正在做……这时……该句式表示一件事情正在进行，这时另一件事情发生了，when后的句子用一般过去时。I was cycling in the street when a car stopped in front of me.我正在街上骑自行车，这时一辆汽车停在了我前面。We were having dinner when there was a knock on the door.我们正在吃晚饭，这时有人敲门。（1）句式积累when表示“正在这时/那时”时常用的句式：Sb. was doing...when... 某人正在做……这时……Sb. had just done...when... 某人刚做完……这时……Sb. was about to do...when.../Sb. was just going to do...when...某人正要做……这时……be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时……（2）说明以上固定搭配中，when 引出一个突然发生的动作，相当于and then或and at that time。Tom was about to give up when he suddenly found an answer to the question.汤姆正打算放弃，这时他突然想到了问题的答案。He had just rushed into the classroom when the teacher came in.他刚冲进教室，老师就进来了。2. （教材P2）When my English teacher stepped into the classroom, I was surprised to see the same man I had met earlier.当我的英语老师走进教室时，我惊讶地发现，他就是我之前遇到的那位老人。主语 + be +adj.+ to do sth. (不定式表原因)Mother was surprised to find her room thoroughly cleaned.母亲惊讶地发现她的房间被彻底打扫了。She will be really delighted to see you.她看到你会非常开心。I'm excited to see my old friend.见到我的老朋友，我很激动。I would be happy to wear traditional Chinese clothes at the welcome ceremony.我很乐意在欢迎仪式上穿中国传统服装。（1）句式积累主语+ be +adj.+to do sth.(不定式表原因)be surprised/shocked/amazed to do sth.对做某事感到惊讶be excited to do sth.对做某事感到兴奋be disappointed to do sth.对做某事感到失望be delighted/happy to do sth.对做某事感到开心be sorry to do sth.对做某事感到难过（2）说明该句式中的形容词是表示人情感的形容词，不定式作原因状语，表示产生这种情感的原因。3. （教材P3）Although I was embarrassed, his words made me a lot more relaxed!尽管有些尴尬，老师的话还是让我放松了很多！make+宾语+宾补（宾补是名词（短语）/形容词/省略to的不定式（短语）/过去分词/现在分词/介词短语等）We made him captain of our football team.我们让他作为我们足球队队长。(名词短语作宾补 )The news that our team had won made us happy.我们队赢了的消息使我们高兴。(形容词作宾补)It is our English teacher who makes me feel more confident.是我们的英语老师让我感觉更加自信。(省略 to的动词不定式短语作宾补 )You should make your views known.你应该让别人了解你的观点。 (过去分词作宾补)He makes the boy standing all the time.他让那个男孩一直站着。(现在分词作宾补)He made the computer in a good condition again他使电脑再次处于良好的状态。(介词短语作宾补)（1）当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。The heavy rain made it impossible for us to go out.大雨使得我们无法出去。I made it a condition that everybody must be on time.我提出一个条件，人人都要准时。（2）关于make sb. do在被动语态中，此类结构中省略to的动词不定式要将to还原。The worker was made to work twelve hours a day.这个工人每天要工作十二个小时。相关链接：have, make, let 等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, observe等感官动词(词组)都可接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补。help 后可带to,也可不带 to。Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想做什么就让他做吧。Did you see him go out 你看见他出去了吗 I often help my mother (to) do some housework.我经常帮助妈妈做些家务。（3）关于“make+宾语 +v.-ed(过去分词作宾补)”该结构表示宾语是其后动作的承受者，宾语和该动词之间是被动关系，意为“使某人/某事被……”。The strange noise made us frightened.奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。友情提示：通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词时，作宾补的动词要用过去分词，即make oneself + v.-ed(heard, known, understood)。He couldn't make himself heard above the noise of the traffic.在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己的声音被听到。但有时，根据句子意思也可用其他形式。The little child stood on the chair to make himself look taller.那个小孩儿站在椅子上，使自己看上去更高些。(这里look taller是系表结构，连系动词不能用被动)（4）关于“make + 宾语 +v.-ing(现在分词作宾补)这一结构表示的意思是“使某人/某事一直在……”。宾语与其后动词之间是主动关系。I saw him putting his hand into her pocket.我看见他正把手伸进她的口袋。(动作正在进行)I saw him put his hand into her pocket.我看见他把手伸进了她的口袋。(动作已经完成)相关链接：常接v.-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, make 等使役动词。友情提示：现在分词作宾补和不带to的动词不定式作宾补有区别。现在分词一般表示动作正在进行，而不带to的动词不定式则一般表示动作已经完成，表示“动作的全过程”。答案知识运用1. to get 2. impression 3. in a moment 4. to explore 5. organised 6. in panic 7.to 8. under pressure 9.depends 10.persuading阅读探究1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D2Unit 1 A new startUsing language学习目标1. 掌握本节生词的表达与运用。2. 掌握名词性从句的用法。3. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。知识运用1. stage词性：____________ 意思：_____________on stage 在舞台上go on/off stage 登上/走下舞台take the stage 登上舞台get to/reach a stage 到达一个阶段go through a stage 经历一个阶段a stage of development 发展阶段at this/that stage 在这个/那个阶段at an early/a late stage 在初期/后期练习：The children are at different _______(stage) of development.2. argue词性：____________ 意思：_____________argument n. 争论，争吵argue with sb. 与某人争论/争吵argue about/over sth. 为某事争论/争吵argue that … 主张/认为……argue for/against (doing) sth. 赞成/反对(做)某事argue sb. into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做/不做某事have an argument with sb. 为某人争论/争吵have an argument about/over sth. 为某事争论/争吵get into an argument 争论/争吵起来练习：I find it hart _______(argue) with him about the topic.3. investigate词性：____________ 意思：_____________investigation n. 调查investigate sb. (for sth.) (因为某事)调查某人investigate an incident 调查一个事件be called in to investigate 应召前来调查under investigation 正在调查中conduct an investigation 进行调查an investigation into 对……的调查练习：Many people witnessed the car accident, so it was not difficult _________(investigate).4. various词性：____________ 意思：_____________vary v. 不同，变化in various sizes 大小不一in various ways 以不同的方式various styles 各种款式；款式齐全；款式多样various people 各行各业的人a variety of = varieties of = various 种类繁多的vary in 在……方面不同vary with sth. 随……而变化vary from…to… 从……到……变化vary between…and… 在……和……之间变化vary from person to person 因人而异练习：There are _______(vary) solutions to your problem.5. apply词性：____________ 意思：_____________application n. 申请；应用applied adj. 应用的applicant n. 申请者apply for 申请apply to sb. for sth. 向某人申请……apply sth. to sth. 把……应用到……apply oneself to 致力于a job application 求职信fill in an application form 填写申请表a written application 书面申请college applications 大学(入学)申请make an application to sb. for… 向某人(某机构)申请……练习：He graduated with high enough marks to ______ for a university.语法解析一、句子和句子成分句子是表达一个完整意义的最小单位，也是构成篇章的重要组成部分。学习英语要以句子为基本单位和基本素材。分析并弄懂每个句子的成分、结构、类型是学习语法的目的，更是理解句意的基础。句子是由词或短语构成的，这些词或短语便是句子成分。句子成分是按照该组成部分在句中所起的作用而划分的。一个完整的句子，由主语和谓语两大部分组成。谓语是一个组成部分，是一个整体，它包括谓语动词、宾语和状语。谓语部分的构成，正确的划分是(括号里面是谓语的构成)：1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词)2. 主语+谓语(及物动词+宾语)3. 主语+谓语(及物动词+双宾语)4. 主语+谓语(及物动词+复合宾语)5. 主语+谓语(系动词+表语)注意：·用在及物动词之后或者用在介词之后的成分，叫宾语；·修饰、限定名词或代词的成分，叫定语；·修饰动词形容词、副词、介词短语或全句的成分，叫状语；·用在系动词之后的成分，叫表语；·用来补充说明宾语的成分，叫补足语；·对一个名词或代词做进一步解释的成分，叫同位语。1. 主语主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者，是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的是"谁"或是"什么"。名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和从句等都可作主语。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句(特殊疑问词作主语时例外)和倒装句中主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。A light wind woke among the trees.微风从林间掠过。(名词短语作主语)No one but yourself can help you.只有你自己才能帮助你。(代词作主语)Three plus five is eight.3加5等于8。(数词作主语)To drink a cup of cold water in such hot weather is a great pleasure.在这么热的天喝一杯冷水是一件很愉快的事。(不定式短语作主语)Travelling abroad is popular among young people.出国旅游受年轻人的欢迎。(动名词短语作主语)The rich are not always happier than the poor. 有钱人并不一定总比穷人更快乐。(名词化的形容词作主语)Generally speaking, what we can't get seems better than what we have.一般说来，我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。(从句作主语)It is believed that girls are good at language. 人们认为女孩儿更擅长语言。(it作形式主语，that…作真正的主语)2. 谓语动词谓语动词说明主语的行为或具有的特征和状态，由动词充当，位于主语的后面，是句子的基本构成成分。谓语动词有人称、数和时态的变化。谓语动词分为简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词。（1）简单谓语动词不论何种时态、语态、语气，凡是由一个动词或动词词组构成的都是简单谓语动词。He shows confidence at any time. 他任何时候都表现出自信。He looked after two orphans. 他照顾两个孤儿。I have tried three times in this way. 我已经用这种方法试了三次。Don't get off the bus until it comes to a stop. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。Our school was built in 1961. 我们学校建于1961年。（2）复合谓语动词由"情态动词或助动词＋动词原形"或"连系动词＋表语"构成的谓语叫作复合谓语。He can speak English very well. 他英语说得很好。The work must be done before three o'clock. 这项工作必须在三点以前完成。This film is very interesting. 这部电影很有意思。He seems unhappy. 他似乎不高兴。3. 表语表语说明主语的性质、特征、身份或状态，与连系动词be, look, seem, appear, feel, taste, smell, sound , become, get, grow, turn, remain, keep, stay 等一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。These are books. 这些是书本。(名词作表语)The winner is you. 获胜者是你。(代词作表语)Julie always looks cheerful. 朱莉看上去总是很高兴。(形容词作表语)One plus two is three. 1 加2 等于3。(数词作表语)The war was over. 战争结束了。(副词作表语)He is out of condition. 他身体状况不好。(介词短语作表语)His dream is to explore the outer space. 他的梦想是探索外太空。(不定式短语作表语)My hobby is playing the piano. 我的爱好是弹钢琴。(动名词短语作表语)He was quite surprised to see me there.在那里见到我他感到非常惊讶。(过去分词短语作表语)This is what he told me yesterday. 这就是他昨天告诉我的。(从句作表语)4. 宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等。宾语又分单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语三种。（1）单宾语Richard does not like his job. 理查德不喜欢他的工作。(名词作宾语)I don't know him. 我不认识他。(代词作宾语)—How many computers do you need 你们需要几台电脑？—We need five. 我们需要五台。(数词作宾语)We donated money and cotton clothes to help the homeless in the flooded area.我们捐了钱和棉衣帮助洪灾地区无家可归的人。(名词化的形容词作宾语)Monica decided to solve the problem on her own.莫妮卡决定自己解决这个问题。(不定式短语作宾语)The young man risked losing his life to save the girl. 那个年轻人冒着生命危险去救那个女孩。(动名词短语作宾语)Miya said that she would return soon. 米娅说她会很快回来的。(从句作宾语) 同源宾语同源宾语指由同源动词之名词所作的宾语，前面常有不定冠词a和形容词修饰语。live a happy life 过着幸福的生活die a worthy death 死得有价值laugh a good laugh 大笑blow a heavy blow 沉重地一击smile a gentle smile 微微一笑sing a sweet song 唱一首甜美的歌dream a terrible dream 做一个噩梦die a glorious death 光荣牺牲（2）双宾语双宾语是指动词后带有两个宾语，一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物；间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，为谁做的，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前，也可位于其后。但位于后面时在它的前面须加介词to 或 for.They offered me the job. — They offered the job to me.他们给我提供了那份工作。(me 为间接宾语，the job为直接宾语)Please show me your passport. — Please show your passport to me.请向我出示你的护照。(me 为间接宾语，your passport为直接宾语)Cora played us some light music. — Cora played some light music for us. 科拉给我们演奏了一些轻音乐。(us 为间接宾语，some light music为直接宾语)（3）复合宾语有些动词除了带有宾语外，还需要另外一个成分来说明宾语的情况，以补充意义上的不足，让宾语的意义完整。这种起补充说明作用的词或短语叫作宾语补足语。宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，二者一起构成复合宾语。能作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、副词等。判断某个成分是否为宾补，这跟谓语动词的性质有关。宾补是谓语动词作用于宾语的结果。如谓语动词具有"使令""指使""影响"宾语做某事的作用，谓语动词使宾语怎么样，成为什么，变成什么(如cause 类，make 类)。谓语动词具有感官性能，对宾语的动作具有感知作用(如 see, hear, find 类)。We all find Josie a good girl.我们都发现乔茜是一个好女孩。(Josie 为宾语，a good girl 为宾语补足语)Don't force such a little baby to learn. 不要逼这样小的孩子学习。(a little baby 为宾语，to learn为宾语补足语)He made himself known to them first. 他先向他们做了自我介绍。(himself 为宾语，known to them为宾语补足语)We must keep it a secret.我们必须对此保密。(it为宾语，a secret 为宾语补足语)Please make yourself at home.请随便一点。(yourself为宾语，at home为宾语补足语)Please keep the dog out.请把狗关在外面。(the dog 为宾语，out 为宾语补足语)5. 定语修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫作定语。定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语分为前置定语和后置定语两种。（1）前置定语可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、动名词、分词等。一般而言，单个的词语作定语都是前置定语。This is a heated argument.这是一场激烈的辦论。(形容词作定语)The doctor told me to open my mouth and put out my tongue.医生让我张开嘴巴伸出舌头。(代词作定语)He drank three whole glasses. 他喝了满满三杯。(数词作定语)He works in a shoe factory. 他在一家鞋厂上班。(名词作定语)Do you know Vela's mother 你认识维拉的妈妈吗？(名词所有格作定语)Books can't be taken away from the reading room.书籍不可以从阅览室中带走。(动名词作定语)We should adapt to the changing situation quickly.我们应该迅速地适应变化的形势。(现在分词作定语)Is there any difference between spoken English and written English？ 英语口语和书面语之间存在什么不同吗？(过去分词作定语)（2）后置定语可以充当后置定语的有形容词短语、介词短语、地点方位副词、不定式短语、分词短语、从句等。词组或从句作定语都是后置定语。The lady was carrying a basket full of vegetables.那位女士提着一只盛满蔬菜的篮子。(形容词短语作定语)The girl in white is his sister.穿白衣服的女孩是他妹妹。(介词短语作定语)Fill in the blanks in the sentences below.在下面的句子中填空。(地点方位副词作定语)Now is your chance to talk to him.马上就是你和他谈话的机会了。(不定式短语作定语)Do you know the man speaking to our headmaster 你认识正在跟我们的校长说话的那个人吗？(现在分词短语作定语)Most of the people invited to the conference are from Europe.应遊出席会议的人大多来自政洲。(过去分词短语作定语)Do you know the man who spoke just now 你认识刚才发言的那个人吗？(从句作定语)6. 状语状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步或比较等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、形容词、名词、从句等充当。Jennifer runs very fast. 珍妮弗跑得很快。(副词作状语)I'll be back in a while. 我一会儿就回来。(介词短语作状语)He waited to see the result of the game.他等着看比赛结果。(不定式短语作状语)Living in the country, they have few amusements. 因为住在农村，他们没有什么娱乐活动。(现在分词短语作状语)Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.如果给予更多的时间和钱的话，我们会把工作做得更好。(过去分词短语作状语)She sat there, silent.她坐在那儿，一声不吭。(形容词作状语)Wait a moment, I'll come.等一会儿，我就来。(名词作状语)It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meeting.雨下得很大，他们不得不推迟运动会。(从句作状语)He was absent from the lecture yesterday because he was ill.昨天他没参加讲座，是因为病了。(从句作状语)7. 补足语补足语是用来说明宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。宾语和宾语补足语构成了复合宾语，它们在逻辑上有主谓关系。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、不定式(短语)等皆可作补足语。含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。She was appointed manager of the company.她被任命为公司经理。(名词短语作补足语)We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.我们应该保持教室干净整洁。(形容词短语作补足语)Miranda likes sleeping with the light on.米兰达喜欢开着灯睡觉。(副词作补足语)When she woke up, she found herself in a hospital. 当她醒来时，她发现自己在一家医院里。(介词短语作补足语)Her mother doesn't allow her to go out alone at night.她妈妈不允许她晚上一个人出去。(不定式短语作补足语)Our English teacher always has us reading and reciting.我们的英语老师总是让我们读和背。(现在分词短语作补足语)He always kept us greatly surprised.他总是让我们大吃一惊。(过去分词作补足语)8. 同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解释说明，与该成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词或从句等。This is Mr. Li, our headmaster.这是我们的校长李老师。(名词短语作同位语)We each have a cellphone now.现在我们每个人都有手机了。(代词作同位语)Are you two ready to start out now 你们两个人都准备好现在出发了吗？(数词作同位语)The news that our team has won again is true.我们队又赢了的消息是真的。(从句作同位语)二、八种基本句型不同的句子成分构成了英语中各式各样的句子。所有句子中，归纳起来共有八种最基本的句型。其他的各种句型都是由这八种基本句型扩展而来的。名称 英语全称 简称主语+谓语动词 Subject + Verb S+V主语+谓语动词+宾语 Subject + Verb + Object S+V+O主语+连系动词+表语 Subject + Verb + Predicative S+V+P主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object S+V+IO+DO主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语 Subject + Verb + Object + Complement S+V+O+C主语+谓语动词+状语 Subject + Verb + Adverbial S+V+A主语+谓语动词+宾语+状语 Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial S+V+O+A存在句 There be There be1. S+V 句式这种句型中的 V 是指不及物动词。在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，纯粹不及物动词数量较少。常见的有 apologize, appear, arrive, come, die, disappear, dive, exist, fall, flow, happen, rise 等。Things changed. 情况有了变化。The bell has rung. 铃声响过了。What happened over there 那儿发生了什么事？Kevin apologized to his mother for his rudeness.凯文为他的粗鲁向他母亲道了歉。2. S+V+O句式英语中绝大多数及物动词都是只带一个宾语的动词。Farmers in our county grow all kinds of vegetables.我们县的农民种植各种各样的蔬菜。Danny runs a big clothes factory. 丹尼经营一家大型服装厂。3. S+V+P句式这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。连系动词除 be 外，还有 look, seem, appear, feel, taste, smell, ssound, become, get, grow, turn, remain, keep, stay 等。作表语的可以是名词、形容词、代词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等。Jackson is a common English name. 杰克逊是常见的英语人名。The weather is becoming colder and colder. 天气变得越来越冷。It looks like a made-up word. 这看起来像是一个杜撰的词。Her job is looking after children.她的工作是照料小孩。4. S+V+IO+DO 句式这是带双宾语的向式结构，IO为间接宾语，DO 为直接宾语。直接宾语一般是指物的名词或代词，间接宾语一般是指人的名词或代词。Her friend promised her a birthday gift. 她的朋友答应她给她一份生日礼物。Father made me a wooden gun. 爸爸给我做了一把木头手枪。Who'd like to fetch me some chalks 谁愿意给我取些粉笔来？The rescued miners told us a lot about their adventures.被营救的矿工告诉了我们很多他们的冒险经历。5. S+V+O+C 句式"主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语"是英语句子中较为常见的句式。可作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)等。We have made our city a beautiful garden.我们已把我们的城市变成了一座美丽的花园。I painted the fence dark green. 我把栅栏漆成了深绿色。Sara would like me to accompany her. 萨拉想让我陪伴着她。6. S+V+A 句式有时候在谓语动词之后，必须加上一个状语，否则句子就没有意义或意思不完整，这叫作"必具性状语"。He lives in the countryside. 他住在乡下。She always walks fast. 他总是走路很快。7. S+V+O+A 句式有时候在宾语之后，也要加上一个"必具性状语"，否则向子就没有意义或意思不完整。Mary put her book on the desk. 玛丽把书放在桌子上。They treat me very well. 他们待我很好。8. There be 存在句There be 句型是英语中最常用的句型之一，此句型是由"there + be + 主语 + 状语"构成，表示"存在〞，意为"(在……)有……"。它其实是由 there 引导的倒装句的一种，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。There's a restaurant around the corner. 拐角处有一家餐馆。There are two people waiting outside. 有两个人正在外面等候。此句型有时不用be 动词，而用不及物动词 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist 等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.在公园中央有一座小山。Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.从前镇上住着一位年老的国王。练习：请写出加黑词在句中所属的句子成分1. His words made me confident. _____2. The old man breathed deeply in the clean yard. _____3. The challenges in our life must be various. _____4. These doctors and nurses are fighting against COVID-19 bravely. _____5. The baby smiled. _____6. The person told us a white lie. _____7. She has found her wallet. _____答案知识运用1. stages 2. to argue 3. to investigate 4. various 5. apply语法解析1. 宾语补足语 2. 状语 3. 表语 4. 宾语 5. 谓语 6. 直接宾语 7. 宾语2

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