Lammps基础命令（2020.3.26.01已更新）

命令以及分析仅限于我在学习过程中涉及到的以及各位为我补充的，具体细节还是得根据：美帝的manual来。

总之不定期更新ing，可能一开始的内容会比较少。。。但会根据问题的出现慢慢加。。。也欢迎大家给我安利各种命令，私信，qq，邮箱都可以，如果有命令解释错误，请指出！！！ 本人也会尽量将命令和具体论文结合但是准确度可能无法完全保证，但是会努力优化！！！！这就需要大家的努力了！！！

你填入的value需要为每个原子的所受到的力，一方面要考虑力学单位换算，又要考虑进行平均！注意使用前要确定受力对象要在系综中。

Add fx,fy,fz to the corresponding component of force for each atom in the group. This command can be used to give an additional push to atoms in a simulation, such as for a simulation of Poiseuille flow in a channel.

Kcal/mole/Angstrom，可自行换算1Kcal/mole/Angstrom=6.950166e-11N 以下为我在模仿论文：Identifying the Mechanisms of Polymer Friction through Molecular Dynamics Simulation用到的addforce命令，再进行1GPa施压时我所用的单位换算，仅供参考：

可以保留之前的模拟的group，运算后的原子坐标，速度，温度等信息，但是fix和variable需要在下次模拟中仍然需要重新声明。

Although the purpose of restart files is to enable restarting a simulation from where it left off, not all information about a simulation is stored in the file. For example, the list of fixes that were specified during the initial run is not stored, which means the new input script must specify any fixes you want to use. Even when restart information is stored in the file, as it is for some fixes, commands may need to be re-specified in the new input script, in order to re-use that information.

同样要注意单位换算; 另外注意有了move之后，如果不需要控温，则NULL就代表位置和速度更新等同于nve了！！！如果nve+move null，相当于两个系综的混合使用了，可见下面的错误示范！！

If any of the velocity components is specified as NULL, then the position and velocity of that component is time integrated the same as the fix nve command would perform, using the corresponding force component on the atom

错误示范（可运行，但是会报错，运行结果也有问题）

错误警告： 可以正常运行的示范（至于结果合不合理，得综合考虑！！！）

Angstroms/femtosecond； 换算成SI：1A/fs=1e5m/s 1m/s我所用的单位换算，仅供参考：

Define a computation that calculates the temperature of a group of atoms that are also in chunks, after optionally subtracting out the center-of-mass velocity of each chunk. By specifying optional values, it can also calculate the per-chunk temperature or energies of the multiple chunks of atoms.

The temp value calculates the temperature for each chunk by the formula KE = DOF/2 k T, where KE = total kinetic energy of the chunk of atoms (sum of 1/2 m v^2), DOF = the total number of degrees of freedom for all atoms in the chunk, k = Boltzmann constant, and T = temperature. The DOF in this case is calculated as N*adof + cdof, where N = number of atoms in the chunk, adof = degrees of freedom per atom, and cdof = degrees of freedom per chunk. By default adof = 2 or 3 = dimensionality of system, as set via the dimension command, and cdof = 0.0. This gives the usual formula for temperature. The kecom value calculates the kinetic energy of each chunk as if all its atoms were moving with the velocity of the center-of-mass of the chunk. The internal value calculates the internal kinetic energy of each chunk. The interal KE is summed over the atoms in the chunk using an internal “thermal” velocity for each atom, which is its velocity minus the center-of-mass velocity of the chunk.

在论文中的体现： Tong R-t, Han B, Quan Z-f, Liu G. Molecular dynamics simulation of friction and heat properties of Nano-texture GOLD film in space environment. Surface and Coatings Technology 2019;358:775–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.084

这个组合简单来说就是，把你想要的group均分为块，然后求出每个块内的属性值，例如数密度，温度等。可参考二维温度云图实现。采样的解释同ave/time.

将不同的原子分成不同的块

compute temp/chunk com yes是计算每个chunk的温度，方法是：对于某个chunk，比如是chunk1，将该chunk内的所有原子先求出质心速度，而后，把将该chunk内的所有原子的速度减掉求出的质心速度，在根据能量均分定理，计算获得该chunk的温度。 compute temp/com是计算某个group的温度，方法是：对于某个group，先将该group的原子求出质心速度，而后，将该group内的所有原子的速度减掉求出的质心速度，，在根据能量均分定理，计算获得该chunk的温度。

(1) compute temp/chunk com yes能够实现每个chunk内原子减掉该chunk的质心速度，而后计算温度，并采用fix ave/time平均输出；（完整命令：

(2) ‘compute temp/chunk com yes + fix ave/time’ 与‘compute temp/chunk com yes + fix ave/chunk temp bias’ 的结果输出的一样

(3) compute temp/com + fix ave/chunk temp bias也能够实现针对于chunk的温度计算并输出，与（1）不同的是，每个chunk内原子减掉该compute所使用的group的质心速度，而后计算的温度。转载自s-q-dirac的博客

Define a computation that calculates the temperature of a group of atoms, after excluding one or more velocity components

至于为什么要取消人为设定速度方向上的影响，和网友讨论的结果是：温度只与系统内部的热运动有关，所以要把系统整体的速度去掉，也就是去掉系质心的速度，这一点和论文描述也是一致的。我自己也有个比方：假如你捏着拿着一筒卷纸，沿着任意方向高速运动，本身速度对于物体的温度是没有影响的，关键是你的手对卷纸施加的力，力对卷纸内部的作用才造成了能量的变化，而lammps能量就是和速度相关，所以人为设定的外部速度的存在是会影响结果的。 Example中shear例子中的体现（在friction中也有）： 转自公众号：LAMMPS 爱好者 一个剪切（shear）模拟例子的学习（3）

时间范围内进行采样 注意保存成restart文件的时候，下次读取仍然需要再次声明fix！

No information about this fix is written to binary restart files. None of the fix_modify options are relevant to this fix.

功能和python reduce函数一样，具有累加的功能

注意：此命令只适合在模拟前期使用，在真正数据收集的过程中，请不要使用此命令，而改成需要的系综，如fix nve, fix NVT等！！！！！ 转自：fix nve/limit command使用及注意

会匀速更新原子坐标，需要配合velocity group set 0.0 0.0 0.0实现对边界的固定，另外和setforce固定不同的是，该命令下原子是受力的，信息可以被dump出。

Perform updates of position, but not velocity for atoms in the group each timestep. In other words, the force on the atoms is ignored and their velocity is not updated. The atom velocities are used to update their positions.

This can also be accomplished via the fix setforce command, but with fix nve/noforce, the forces on the wall atoms are unchanged, and can thus be printed by the dump command or queried with an equal-style variable that uses the fcm() group function to compute the total force on the group of atoms.

论文中的rigid描述（个人推测，仅供参考）

single相当于把一个group的原子看成一个rigid body，施加力的时候需要考虑大小，例如1Gpa对于1000个原子，针对single类型，只需要1Mpa的数值。

For bodystyle single the entire fix group of atoms is treated as one rigid body.

id styles.

该命令执行nve积分，不需要在叠加其他积分运算了

The rigid, rigid/nve, rigid/small, and rigid/small/nve styles perform constant NVE time integration. The only difference is that the rigid and rigid/small styles use an integration technique based on Richardson iterations. The rigid/nve and rigid/small/nve styles uses the methods described in the paper by Miller, which are thought to provide better energy conservation than an iterative approach

off：代表清除那个方向上与其他原子之间的作用 on：保持与其他原子之间的相互作用 没有力并不代表不会运动，没有速度，如果需要固定，则需要提前velocity set 0 0 0.

我以后不会再用了。。。。。。 Various fixes use the current timestep to calculate related quantities. If the timestep is reset, this may produce unexpected behavior, but LAMMPS allows the fixes to be defined even if the timestep is reset. For example, commands which thermostat the system, e.g. fix nvt, allow you to specify a target temperature which ramps from Tstart to Tstop which may persist over several runs. If you change the timestep, you may induce an instantaneous change in the target temperature.