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第十四章 形容词性定语从句 本章概述 定语的定义:形容词性,修饰句子中名词性成分的成分,,常规位置是在名词之前。定语从句的本质是从句作后置定语。吕叔湘先生在《现代汉语八百词》这样解释到:汉语的定语只能放在前边,就不便很长。定语长了,听的人(或读的人)老在惦记着那个被修饰的名词,不知道你说的是什么人或什么东西,就要着急,也容易疲劳,搞得不好还会“迷路”。英语的定语从句放在后头,说的是什么人或什么东西已经在前边交代了,听的人就不着急了,因此英语里的定语可以很长。定语从句有限定性和非限定性之分,基础篇中只涉及限定性定语从句。 定语从句的拆分思想 要彻底理解定语从句,一定要运用“拆分”的思想,把主句+很长的定语从句拆分开来。 I am looking for a man who isrich, cute and well-educated. 我在寻找一个有钱,帅,而且很有教养的男生。 首先把这个定语从句拆分: 1. I am looking for a man. 2. The man is rich, cute andwell-educated. 接下来组合: I am looking for (a man the man)is rich, cute and well-educated. 括号内a man和the man信息重复了,位于前面的词称之为先行词,后面一词我们可以把它叫做“后行词”。既然信息重复,为什么不能干脆删掉后行词?如果直接删掉后行词,会导致一个句子有两套主谓,关系会变得混乱,例如: I am looking for a man is rich,cute and well-educated. 如果直接保留后行词,会造成重复,为了避免重复(众所周知,英文最讨厌重复),我们将后行词进行转变,在上例中the man变为who,经过转变之后,后行词除了具备原来的词义之外,还增加了连词的作用。 一、Who/whom 后行词是人,就用who/that来替代。但是如果后行词是宾格,即him,them,her,可以用whom进行替代,也可以直接用who。 He is the boy who/whom I will goto shanghai with. 拆分: 1. He is the boy. 2. I will go to shanghai withhim. 这两句的关联部分就是the boy和him,也就是所谓的先行词和后行词。为了衔接连贯,后行词需要前置,句2就变成:Him I will go toshanghai with. 然后再将him替换为who或者whom: He is the boy who/whom I will goto shanghai with. 有的时候,介词和后行词的关系十分密切,如果只前置后行词,它们的修饰关系就不明显,所以通常是将后行词和介词一起前置:With him I will go toshanghai.这个时候就只能使用whom替换him,把句子变成: He is the boy with whom I willgo to shanghai. 而不能写成这种形式: He is the boy with who I will goto shanghai. 这条规则其实非常有意思,可以这样去理解:who是主格,把它想象成一个主人,whom是宾格,把它想象一个侍从。主人很勤快,人也很好,但是侍从很懒惰。所以很多时候,本来应该是侍从的活,主人自己做了,例如这一句:He is the boywho/whom I will go to shanghai with。但是主人也是有底线的,并不是什么活都干的,有的活实在是太掉价,如果干了,旁人就会把它也当中随从了。这种情况就是介词也前置之时,因为我们知道,主语一定不会被介词修饰的,只有“介宾”短语,没有“介主”短语,也就说是介词是“降格”的标志,主格的who是不会在它之后出现的,除非介词后置。 二、Which/that 后行词是表事物的名词,就用which或者that替换。 The book which I am reading iswritten by Tomas Hardy. 拆分: 1. The book is written by TomasHardy. 2. I am reading the book. 连接: The book(the book)I am reading iswritten by Tomas Hardy. 后行词是表事物的名词the book,所以用which或者that 带替换。 三、Whose 后行词是his,her,its,their,your one 's等等表示所属关系的词,用whose代替。 例1: He is the man whose car wasstolen. 拆分: 1. He is the man 2. His car was stolen. 组合: He is the man (his) car wasstolen. 后行词是his,所以whose代词 例2: You are the only one whoseadvice he might listen to. 拆分: 1. You are the only one. 2. Your advice he might listento. You are the only one (Your)advice he might listen to. 后行词是your,所以用whose代替。 四、Where 后行词如果是地点状语(通常是介词+表地点名词),就用where替换。 This is the house where I wasborn. 拆分: 1. This is the house. 2. In this house I was born. This is the house (in thishouse) I was born. 后行词是地点状语in the house,介词+表地点名词,所以用where替换。 知道这点以后,我们高中时候纠结的先行词如果是the place,后面该用which/that还是where;先行词如果是time,后面该用which/that还是when的问题就迎刃而解了。因为答案藏在后行词之上。 对比: This is the house that belongsto my brother. 拆分: 1. This is the house 2. This house belongs to my brother. This is the house (this house)belongs to my brother. 后行词是this house,前面没有介词,是表事物的名词,当然用which或者that。 五、When 如果后行词是时间状语(通常是介词+表时间名词),就用when替换。 He came at a time when we neededhelp. 拆分: 1. He came at a time. 2. At that time we needed help. He came at a time (at that time)we need help. 后行词是时间状语at that time,所以用when替换。 对比: He came at a time which was justperfect. 拆分: 1. He came at a time. 2. The time was just perfect. He came at a time (the time) wasjust perfect 后行词是the time,前面没有介词,是表(抽象)事物的名词,当然用which或者that。 六、Why 如果后行词是原因状语for this/that reason,就用why替换。 I knew the reason why he waslate. 拆分: 1. I knew the reason. 2. For this reason he was late I knew the reason (for thisreason) he was late. 后行词是原因状语for this reason,所以用why替换。 对比: The reason that he explained atthe meeting was not acceptable. 拆分: 1. The reason was not acceptable 2. He explained the reason atthe meeting. The reason (the reason) heexplained at the meeting was not acceptable. 后行词是the reason,前面没有介词,是表(抽象)事物的名词,当然用which或者that。 七、Where可以替代抽象的地点状语、when可以代替抽象的时间状语,引导定语从句 English is a “fixed-word-order”language where each phrase has a fixed position. 英语是一种“词序”固定的语言,其中的每个短语位置都有固定的位置。 拆分以后: English is a “fixed-word-order”language. In this language each phrase hasa fixed position. 后行词是In this language“在这种语言中”,可以理解为抽象的地点状语,所以用where替代。 Life isn't some musical cartoonwhere you sing a little song, and your insipid dreams magically come true! 人生可不是什么卡通音乐剧,只要唱支小曲,你那无聊的梦想就会奇迹般实现。 拆分以后: Life isn't some musical cartoon. In that cartoon you sing alittle song, and your insipid dreams magically come true! 后行词是In that cartoon “在那种卡通音乐剧中”,可以理解为抽象的地点状语,所以用where替代。 抽象的时间状语较为少见,例如: There are occasions when onemust yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 拆分以后: There are occasions One must yield on thoseoccasions. 后行词是on that occasions“在某些特定情况下”,可以理解为抽象的时间状语,所以用when替代。 补充: Which/who还是that? that既可以代人有可以指物,但是that和which/who又不是完全对等,有的时候能相互替换,有的时候又不能,这个问题在传统语法书上有大篇幅的描述,分别列出了很多种情况。解决这个问题,还是需要追本溯源,还原到that这个词的本意。that是指示代词,具有指代功能,意思很接近中文的“那个”。 我们先来捋一捋先行词和后行词的关系。在句子拆分以后,后行词=(介词)+ 先行词,所以当先行词被强烈指示或为代词的时候,后行词应该具备同样的功能,这个时候就宜用that。我们来看一般传统的语法书是如何讲解这个知识点的,并进行逐一验证: 在下列情况下,只宜用that,而不宜用which: 1. 当先行词被形容词的最高级形式所修饰时,例如: This is the most expensive watchthat I've ever owned. 真正的原因先行词被指示了the most expensive(最贵的那个,强烈指示) 2. 当先行词被序数词或the very,the only,the last修饰时,要用that,不用which。例如: That's the seventeenth beer thatyou've drunk this evening. 真正的原因先行词被指示了the seventeenth beer(第十七杯,强烈指示) 3.当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing) 等时,通常用that。例如: All that she lacked wastraining. Have you had everything that youneed? 真正的原因是much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)本身是代词,所以宜用同样具有代词作用的that。 传统语法书上还列举了两种宜用that的情况: 1.“当先行词既指人又指物时” I like the writers and theirworks that you mentioned the other day. 这是因为which不可指代人。 2“为避免与which重复使用时,要用that” 这是英文不喜重复。 Which is the car that was madein Beijing? 在下列情况下,只宜用which,而不宜用that: 1.直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which: The documents for which theywere searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已找了。 which可以是宾格,而that没有格的属性,所以有介词的情况下宜用which. 2.在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系词which/who,不能使用关系词that: Our guide,which/who was aFrench Canadian,was an excellentcook. 我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。 非限制性定语从句起描述作用,没有指代作用,宜用which/who。 总结 至此初级篇三大类从句全部讲解完毕,请读者朋友们再来回过头仔细思考以下两个问题: 1.在三大类从句中,为什么感觉状语从句理解起来最为简单,而名词性从句又比定语从句简单? 2.为什么只在讲解定语从句的时候需要用拆分的方法。 回答: 状语从句中,只需用从属连接两个完全完整的句子即可,其结构类似并列句。 名词性从句中,需要用“连词+句子”做主句中某个名词性成分,相当于主句被挖出来一部分。 定语从句照理说不应该很复杂,因为定语并非句子结构中必要的成分,只起修饰名词的作用。但是其难点在于主从句会发生交叉关系,即“后行词”与主句中的“先行词”的交叉关系把主从句缠到了一起,所以定语从句又叫关系从句。 希望本章的讲解能让读者对整个从句体系能有个清晰的认识。本章最后,笔者想用图示来阐述一下句与句之间的关系,如果读者能明白下图含义,则说明对句与句体系基本掌握。 基础篇所有内容到此完结,希望读者能够完全建立起以词性、成分、句子为基础的语法框架。进阶篇中,我们将对重要语法项目进行深入讨论,此外还会涉及一些基础篇中未提到的语法项目。 复合型从句简析 千呼万唤始出来,《英语语法高手之路》已正式出版: |
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