锂硫（Li-S）电池具有高理论比能量、环境友好和低成本等优点，被认为是突破商用锂离子电池比能量限制的有希望的候选者之一。在过去的十年中，通过主要集中在硫阴极上的各种策略在提高电化学性能特别是寿命方面取得了巨大进展。在这篇综述中，揭示了硫阴极和锂阳极的基本电化学，以了解当前的困境。并全面总结了通过多种策略取得的进展，包括多硫化锂 (LiPSs) 限制、硫氧化还原反应调节和硫阴极和人工固体电解质界面 (SEI) 中的电催化，电解质设计，以及锂阳极中的结构化阳极。此外，需要解决实验室级纽扣电池与实际软包电池之间的差异，由于硫正极和锂负极在锂和电解液过量时会出现意想不到的问题，因此只有少数关于实用锂硫软包电池的报告可用. 最后，还提出了实用锂硫电池面临的挑战和展望。

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is recognized as one of the promising candidates to break through the specific energy limitations of commercial lithium-ion batteries given the high theoretical specific energy, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Over the past decade, tremendous progress have been achieved in improving the electrochemical performance especially the lifespan by various strategies mainly concentrated on the sulfur cathodes. In this review, the fundamental electrochemistry of sulfur cathode and lithium anode is revealed to understand the current dilemmas. And the advances achieved through diverse strategies are comprehensively summarized, which involves lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) limitation, sulfur redox reaction regulation and electrocatalysis in sulfur cathode and artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI), electrolyte design, and structured anode in lithium anode. Additionally, the differences between laboratory level coin cells and actual pouch cells need to be addressed that only few reports on practical Li-S pouch cell are available due to the unexpected problems on both sulfur cathode and lithium anode which are masked at lithium and electrolyte excess. Lastly, the challenges and perspective toward the practical Li-S batteries are also offered.