莫扎特

我们如今认为是经典的传统音乐，在当时是非常新颖的：从巴洛克复调作曲到民间音乐，它结合了来自不同学派的作曲风格。从地理的角度来说，由海顿、莫扎特和贝多芬创作的经典音乐包含的地域也相当广阔，它们结合了德国、法国和意大利传统。这三个曲作家有许多相同的特点，同时，他们每个人的作曲又十分有特点和容易辨别。

贝多芬

室内乐、小提琴四重奏和交响音乐会被认为是最有海顿特色的地方。莫扎特进一步发展了交响乐传统，但是他最重要的贡献还是对歌舞剧的创新。贝多芬的强项就在于交响乐和颂歌。总体来说，“维亚纳古典”时期将交响乐中的音乐发展成了音乐界中的一种独特学派。

古典主义音乐：正式化的欧洲音乐

顾名思义，维也纳古典乐派启蒙于奥地利的首都城市维也纳。当约瑟夫·海顿和沃尔夫冈.阿马德乌斯.莫扎特在维也纳活跃时，这个地方已经有了历史悠久的音乐传统。在巴洛克风格晚期，为了攀比拥有最出色的宴会，当时的音乐受到富裕的贵族们资助。音乐家和曲作家们也经常受到富裕的贵族资助，为他们提供娱乐。

然而，那时候音乐家和曲作家的地位仅稍稍高于普通的仆人。曲作家们最后有了较高的社会地位，一部分也是因为海顿和莫扎特音乐的出现使人们对音乐的鉴赏加以了一定的重视。当贝多芬后来也搬去了维也纳的时候，这个城市开始因音乐而获得了一定的名望，成为了作曲的主要城市。贝多芬的房东和赞助者费迪南德·埃恩斯特·加布里埃尔·冯·沃尔德斯坦伯爵称赞他道：

"Durch ununterbrochenen Fleiß erhalten sie: Mozarts Geist aus Haydens Händen"

“通过坚持不懈的勤奋努力，你将莫扎特的精神从海顿手里继承了过来！”

这表明维也纳经典的社会和文化影响的重要性已超出了其艺术意义：在二十多年的时间里，音乐从接待活动中的一些娱乐背景发展成为被高度欣赏和尊重的艺术形，在维也纳具有高度的文化意义。二十年前，巴黎一直是歌剧首府，而伦敦则是交响音乐会的首府。到1800年，维也纳在几乎所有的音乐领域中排名第一。

巴洛克时期和浪漫主义时期的桥梁

冯·沃尔德斯坦伯爵的话语同时也体现了海顿与莫扎特之间紧密的纽带——这两位曲作家之间联系非常紧密，而贝多芬则是两者的结合。事实上，贝多芬越来越多地将来自民间音乐的因素加入构成优美的音乐，形成浪漫主义时期典型的传统音乐类型。

作为音乐史上的第一位超级明星（至少奥地利流行歌手法尔科是这么说的），沃尔夫冈.阿马德乌斯.莫扎特对整个欧洲都是具有巨大影响的。由于他在欧洲各地的环游，他促进了音乐风格和传统的国际化交流。例如维也纳古典乐派也受到了格奥尔格·弗里德里希·汉德尔和约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫的影响。

原文：

VIENNESE CLASSIC: HAYDN, MOZART, BEETHOVEN

In music, the period called the "Viennese Classic" (sometimes the "First Vienna School" to distinguish it from the "Second Viennese School" of Arnold Schoenberg and his students) lasts from around 1780 until 1827 and was succeeded by the period of romanticism.

The core of the Viennese Classic was created by the composers Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Some music historians also consider some contemporaries from Austria to be part of the "Viennese Classic" - these contemporaries include the composers Michael Haydn (Joseph′s brother) and Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf.

At its time, the tradition of what is considered to be classic today was highly innovative: it combined styles from different schools of composition ranging from Baroque polyphonic compositions to folk music. Geographically, classical music by Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven were very inclusive, too, combining German, French and Italian traditions. The three composers share many features and at the same time, each of them is very distinct and recognisable.

Haydn is considered to have left his mark mostly on "Kammermusik" or chamber music with quartets of violinists as well as symphonic concerts. Mozart developed the symphonic traditions further on, but his most significant contribution in terms of innovation was in opera. Beethoven′s strong points, in which his style is most directly recognisable, were symphonies and sacral music. Generally speaking, the Viennese Classic made instrumental music as it is heard in symphonies a distinct school within music.

Wiener Klassik: Formalising European Music

As the name says quite rightly, the Viennese Classic was rooted in Austria′s capital. At the time when Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were active in the Imperial capital, there was already a longstanding musical tradition at the place. This was nourished by the wealthy nobility that competed for the most impressive feasts, palace or music in a very late-Baroque manner. Musicians and composers were often supported by wealthy noblemen and hired for entertainment.

However, the rank of musicians and composers was slightly above an ordinary servant. It was party due to the rise of appreciation that music experienced through the workings of Haydn and Mozart that composers gained a high social status. By the time when Beethoven moved to Vienna, the city had earned itself a reputation for music and as the capital of composition. Beethoven′s landlord and supporter Count Ferdinand Ernst Gabriel von Waldstein phrased it:

"Durch ununterbrochenen Fleiß erhalten sie: Mozarts Geist aus Haydens Händen" („Through uninterrupted diligence you receive Mozart′s spirit from Hayden′s hands!").

This shows how important the social and cultural impact of the Viennese Classic is beyond its artistic significance: Within some 20-odd years, music had developed from some background mean of entertainment during a reception to a highly admired and respected form of art with a high cultural significance in Vienna. Twenty years earlier, Paris had been the capital of opera and London of instrumental concerts - at latest by 1800, Vienna ruled the rankings in pretty much all musical disciplines.

Bridge between Baroque & Romanticism

The other thing that the quotation of Count von Waldstein shows is the strong tie between Haydn and Mozart - the two interacted quite actively, whereas Beethoven is more of an entity. In fact, as Beethoven increasingly picked up elements from folk music and shaped a melodic tradition typical for romanticism, he is often considered to be a link between Viennese Classic and Romanticism.

As the first "superstar" in the history of music (at least according to Austrian pop-singer Falco), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was also a European phenomenon. Due to his many tours all around Europe, he contributed to the international exchange of musical styles and traditions. For example, the Viennese Classic was influenced by Georg Friendrich Händel, Johann Sebastian Bach, the masters of the Mannh

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