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第1章　语言学导论

1.1　复习笔记

本章要点：

语言的定义与特征

语言的起源和功能

语言学研究的范围和内容

语言学的一些重要区分

本章考点：

语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性)；

语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言)；

语言的起源(神授说，人造说(“汪汪”，“噗噗”，“哟-嘿-吼”理论)，进化说)等。

(1) 语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。

(2) 语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。语言学中几组重要区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。

(3) 普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。

(4) 宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

本章内容索引：

I. Definition of language

II. Design features of language

Arbitrariness

Duality

Creativity

Displacement

Cultural Transmission

Interchangeability

III. Origin of language

The Biblical account

The bow-wow theory

The pooh-pooh theory

The yo-he-ho theory

The evolution theory

IV. Functions of language

Informative function

Interpersonal function

Performative function

Emotive function

Phatic function

Recreational function

Metalingual function

V. Definition of linguistics

VI. Branches of linguistics

Microlinguistics

Macrolinguistics

VII. Important concepts and their distinctions

Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

Synchronic vs. Diachronic

Langue vs. Parole

Competence vs. Performance

Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Grammar

Linguistic Potential vs. Actual Linguistic Behavior

I. The definition of language (语言的定义)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has revealed five essential factors of language: systematic, arbitrary, vocal, symbolic and most importantly human-specific.

语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义揭示了语言的五个要素：系统，任意，口头，符号，人类。

II. The design features of language (语言的定义特征)

【考点：名词解释&填空】

Design features refer to the defining properties of human languages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言的定义特征是人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点。

It is the core feature of language, which refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. It is not entirely arbitrary at all levels. Some words, such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by sounds are motivated in a certain degree.

任意性是语言的核心特征，是指符号的形式或者声音与意义之间没有逻辑或内在联系。虽然语言从本质上讲是任意的，但也不是完全任意的。一些词语，例如一些拟声词的发音与其意义还是有一定联系的。

Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization. The property of duality only exists in such a system, namely, with both elements (e.g. sounds, letters) and units (e.g. words).

二重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。二重性只存在于这样的系统之中，既有元素又有它们组合成的单位。

Creativity means language is resourceful beca