参考文献： [1] Takaki M, Nakama T, Ishida M, et al. High incidence of community-acquired pneumonia among rapidly aging population in Japan: a prospective ？hospital-based surveillance[J]. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2014, 67(4):269. [2] Magill S S, Edwards J R, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections.[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(13):1198-1208. [3] 吴安华，文细毛，李春辉等. 2012 年全国医院感染现患率与横断面抗菌药物使用率调查报告 [J]. 中国感染控制杂志, 2014, 13(1):8-15. [4] Micek S T , Chew B , Hampton N , et al. A Case-Control Study Assessing the Impact of Nonventilated Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia on Patient Outcomes[J]. Chest, 2016, 150(5):1008-1014. [5] Tao L, Bijie H U, Lixian H E, et al. Etiology and antimicrobial resistance of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in China[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2012, 125(17):2967-2972. [6] Zhan Y, Yang Z, Chen R, et al. Respiratory virus is a real pathogen in immunocompetent community-acquired pneumonia: comparing to influenza like illness and volunteer controls.[J]. Bmc Pulmonary Medicine, 2014, 14(1):144. [7] 瞿介明, 曹彬. 中国成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南 (2016 年版) 修订要点 [J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2016, 39(4):241-242. [8]  黄勋, 等. 多重耐药菌医院感染预防与控制中国专家共识. 中国感染控制杂志,2015,14(1):1-9. [9] 曹江红, 李光辉. 美国感染病学会和美国胸科学会 2016 年成人医院获得性肺炎和呼吸机相关性肺炎的处理临床实践指南 [J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志,2017,17(2):209-214. [10] Roberts J A, Taccone F S, Lipman J. Understanding PK/PD[J]. Intensive care medicine, 2016, 42(11): 1797-1800. [11] 李昕, 张菁, 施毅. PK/PD 在多重耐药菌感染抗菌药物治疗方案优化中的应用 [J]. 中华临床感染病杂志, 2016, 9(5):394-402. [12] Sulaiman H, Abdul-Aziz M H, Roberts J A. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics-optimized antimicrobial therapy in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia[C]//Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2017, 38(03): 271-286. [13] 中国医药教育协会感染疾病专业委员会. 抗菌药物药代动力学/药效学理论临床应用专家共识 [J]. 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2018, 41(6). [14] 郁继诚, 张菁, 曹国英, et al. 中国健康受试者左氧氟沙星片单剂及多剂药代动力学研究 [J]. 第三军医大学学报, 2013, 35(23):2516-2520.