翻译：01  ；校对：itsmelan；

审稿: Scott Caterine, BSc (Hons.), MSc, MB, BCh, BAO (Hons.), Viviana Popa, MD；贡献: Patricia Nguyen, MScBMC, Jennifer Montague, PhD, Jerry Ferro, Victoria Silvia Recalde；

邀请试用：Osmosis.org/invite/Z06Dhl1 

To be able to see everything that surrounds us, we can count on a very special sense organ: the eyes.

我们能够看清周围的事物  全靠这个非常特殊的器官：眼睛

The eyes can be easily injured, so each of them is protected by a hard bony structure called the orbit. The orbits also protect the muscles, vessels and nerves of the eyes. And between each eye and the orbit protecting it, there’s a soft cushion of fat to prevent any friction or damage to the eyes. Additional protection is ensured by the eyelids, which close and open as needed, and the lacrimal apparatus, which secretes tears to lubricate the eyes.

眼睛很容易受伤 所以每只眼球都被坚硬的骨性结构保护着 称为「眼眶」。眼眶同样也保护着眼球的肌肉 血管和神经。在眼球和保护它的眼眶之间有一层脂肪垫 防止眼球摩擦或受伤。其他的保护还有眼睑（在需要的时候闭合或睁开）以及泪器（分泌泪液润湿眼表）。

Now, each orbit is shaped like a pyramid, so they have an apex posteromedially, or towards the inside of the skull; a base anterolaterally, that opens in the facial skeleton; and four walls: superior, inferior, lateral, and medial. These walls are made up of several bones.

眼眶的形状类似金字塔，顶点位于眶后方靠内侧，朝向颅骨，底部朝前，开口于面部骨骼，有四壁，分别为上壁、下壁、外侧壁和内侧壁，这些眶壁由一些骨骼组成。

The medial wall comprises the ethmoid bone in the center, the lacrimal bone and maxilla - or maxillary bone anteriorly, and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone posteriorly.

内侧壁包括中间的筛骨、前面的泪骨和上颌骨、以及后面的蝶骨小翼；

The superior wall - or roof of the orbit - is mainly formed by the orbital part of the frontal bone anteriorly, and a small posterior part by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

眶上壁 或称为眶顶 主要由额骨的眶部组成 后面有一小部分为蝶骨小翼；

The lateral wall is made up of the zygomatic bone anteriorly and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone posteriorly.

外侧壁由前面的颧骨和后面的蝶骨大翼组成；

Finally, the inferior wall - or floor of the orbit - is formed by the maxillary bone medially, the zygomatic bone laterally, and a tiny part by the palatine bone posteriorly.

最后 下壁 或称眶底 由靠内侧的上颌骨 外侧的颧骨和后方一小部分的腭骨组成；

In between the two maxillae lies the nasal bone, but it doesn’t contribute to the orbit.

两块上颌骨之间是鼻骨 但它并不参与眼眶的组成。

Alright now, above the orbit, there’s the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone.

在眼眶的上方 额骨的边界称为「眶上缘」

Towards the medial part of the supraorbital margin, the supraorbital nerve and vessels pass through the supraorbital foramen or notch.

在眶上缘的内侧 有眶上神经和血管穿过眶上孔（或称为眶上切迹）

Moving onto the inside of the orbit, on the anterolateral part of the roof of the orbit, there’s the lacrimal fossa, a depression in the frontal bone that houses the lacrimal gland.

在眼眶内，眶顶的前外侧有泪腺窝，是额骨的一个凹陷，容纳泪腺

Now, in the apex of the orbit, there’s the optic canal, in the lesser wing of the sphenoid, through which the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery pass.

在眶尖部有视神经管，位于蝶骨小翼中，内有视神经和眼动脉

Laterally, between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid, there’s the superior orbital fissure, which allows for the passage of the superior ophthalmic vein, cranial nerves III, IV, VI, the nasociliary nerve, and other branches of the first division of the trigeminal nerve; so that’s a lot of structures!

眶外侧，在蝶骨大小翼之间有眶上裂，有眼上静脉、第III 、V、VI对颅神经 （CN III IV VI）、鼻睫神经和三叉神经第一支通过。所以这里的结构真的超多！

Now, if there’s a superior, there’s also an inferior orbital fissure, which is formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid superolaterally, and the maxillary bone inferomedially.

既然有眶上裂，还有一个眶下裂，眶下裂由外上方的蝶骨大翼和内下方的上颌骨组成。

Luckily, fewer structures pass through the inferior fissure. These are the divisions of the inferior ophthalmic vein; the second division of the trigeminal nerve, called the maxillary nerve; and the infraorbital vessels.

还好，通过眶下裂的结构没有那么多，包括眼下静脉的分支、三叉神经第二支（上颌神经）和眶下血管。

After passing through the infraorbital fissure, the maxillary nerve continues as the infraorbital nerve, and together with the infraorbital vessels, it lies on the infraorbital groove that’s in the floor of the orbit.

穿过眶下裂后 上颌神经变为眶下神经 与眶下血管一起走行于眶底的眶下沟。

These structures then dive into the maxillary bone to come out again through the infraorbital foramen of the maxilla, below the inferior margin of the orbit.

然后这些结构再通过上颌骨的眶下孔出眼眶 眶下孔位于眶下缘的下方。

So, to easily recall the orbital openings, you can remember there’s two of each: two foramina, the supraorbital and infraorbital foramina; and two fissures: the superior and inferior orbital fissure.

为了更容易回忆起这些眼眶开口 我们可以记住每种开口都有两个：两个“孔” 即眶上孔和眶下孔 以及两个“裂” 眶上裂和眶下裂！

Now, if we look at them from above, we can see there are two different axes inside the orbit which give us an idea of how the orbits are aligned.

如果我们从上面看 可以看到眼眶内部有两个不同的轴 这使我们更容易了解眼眶的骨骼是如何排列的。

The medial walls of the orbits are parallel, however the lateral walls of the orbits point laterally and are angled at 90 degrees compared to each other. Therefore, our orbital axes, which represent the anatomical alignment of the orbit, are actually angled anteriorly and laterally at a 45 degree angle to each other. This is compared to the optical axes, which is simply our line of sight or gaze, which are directly completely straight and are parallel to each other.

两个眼眶的内侧壁是平行的 而眼眶的外侧壁向外延伸且彼此之间成90度角，因此我们的眼轴（代表眼眶的解剖位置排列）实际上是在前部以横向45度角相互倾斜。这与视轴不同 视轴只是我们的视线或凝视的方向 它们呈一条直线 且彼此完全平行。

Now, besides the orbits, the eyes are also protected from irritation or injury by the eyelids.

除了眼眶 眼球还被眼睑保护着不受外界的损伤。

The eyelids cover the front of the eyes, preventing excessive light exposure and spreading the tears produced by the lacrimal glands all over the cornea and the exposed part of the sclera.

眼睑覆盖在眼球前部 防止过多光线射入眼球 并将泪腺分泌的泪液均匀分散到角膜和暴露在外的巩膜表面。

If we take a look at a sagittal cut of the eye and the eyelids, we'll see that the eyelids are made up of layers of different tissues.

如果看看眼球和眼睑的矢状面 我们可以发现眼睑由不同层组织结构组成：

From inside out, first, there’s a mucous layer covering the internal part of the eyelids called the palpebral conjunctiva. This is continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva, which adheres to the periphery of the cornea and covers the exposed sclera until the corneoscleral junction.

从内向外首先是一层黏膜层覆盖在眼睑内侧，称为「睑结膜」，它与球结膜相连续，球结膜附着于角膜周边，并覆盖暴露在外的巩膜 直到角膜巩膜交界处（角巩缘）。

The parts where the palpebral and the bulbar conjunctiva meet, are called the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices, and they are located in the superior and inferior eyelids, respectively.

睑结膜与球结膜交界处称为上下穹窿结膜，分别位于上下眼睑处

Surprisingly, the eyelids also have a skeleton!

令人惊讶的是 眼睑也有骨架！

Ok, so we're not talking about bones here, but rather bands of connective tissue called the superior tarsus and inferior tarsus. These tarsi strengthen the eyelids, and also hold the tarsal glands inside which produce an oily substance that lubricates the edges of the eyelid so they do not stick together when closed, and prevents the tear film from evaporating from the surface of the eyes.

其实我们在这讨论的不是真正的骨头 而是称为上睑板和下睑板的结缔组织带。这些睑板增加了眼睑的强度 其中还有睑板腺 睑板腺可以产生油性物质 润滑眼睑边缘 这样在它们合起来的时候不会粘在一起 同时也能防止泪膜从眼表面蒸发。

The superior eyelid has an extra layer made up by the levator palpebrae superioris which attaches to the superior tarsus and the skin of the superior eyelid and it opens the palpebral fissure, which is the fancy way to call the space between your eyelids.

上眼睑有额外的一层 由上睑提肌构成 它附着在上睑板和上眼睑的皮肤上 负责使睑裂打开 （睑裂——一种用来描述上下眼睑中间部分的神奇说法）。

The distal portion of the levator palpebrae superioris, called the superior tarsal muscle, inserts directly on the superior border of the tarsus to help open the eye completely.

上睑提肌的远端称为上睑板肌 它直接附着在睑板的上缘以帮助眼睛完全睁开。

On the same plane as the tarsi, there’s the superior and inferior orbital septa, a sheet of periosteum that extends from the periosteum of the orbit downwards to insert on the levator palpebrae superioris on the upper eyelid, and upwards to insert on the inferior tarsus itself on the lower eyelid.

与睑板在同一平面上的还有上眶隔和下眶隔 它们是眼眶骨膜的延续 向下延伸到上眼睑的上睑提肌，向上附着在下眼睑的下睑板上。

Moving on, on each eyelid, there’s the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle, right before the tarsi and the orbital septa, and this muscle is in charge of gently closing the eyes.

每个眼睑上还有眼轮匝肌的睑部 位于睑板和眶隔的前面 这块肌肉负责让你轻轻地闭上眼睛

And finally, the most superficial layers of each eyelid are the subcutaneous tissue, and last but not least, the skin.

最后 每个眼睑的最表层则是皮下组织和皮肤

未完待续...

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