第四编　人格权

Book Four Personality Rights

第一章　一般规定

Chapter I General Rules

　　第九百八十九条　本编调整因人格权的享有和保护产生的民事关系。

Article 989 This Book adjusts the civil relations arising from the enjoyment and protection of personality rights.

　　第九百九十条　人格权是民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权等权利。

Article 990 Personality rights are the rights of life, inviolability and integrity of person, health, name, likeness, reputation, honor, and privacy, among others, enjoyed by parties to civil legal relations.

除前款规定的人格权外，自然人享有基于人身自由、人格尊严产生的其他人格权益。

Besides the personality rights prescribed in the preceding paragraph, a natural person enjoys other personality rights based on personal freedom and personal dignity.

　　第九百九十一条　民事主体的人格权受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵害。

Article 991 The personality rights of parties to civil legal relations are protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual.

　　第九百九十二条　人格权不得放弃、转让或者继承。

Article 992 The personality rights shall not be waived, transferred, or inherited.

　　第九百九十三条　民事主体可以将自己的姓名、名称、肖像等许可他人使用，但是依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得许可的除外。

Article 993 A party to civil legal relations may license another person to use his name and likeness, among others, except those prohibited to be licensed according to the law or the nature.

　　第九百九十四条　死者的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉、隐私、遗体等受到侵害的，其配偶、子女、父母有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任；死者没有配偶、子女且父母已经死亡的，其他近亲属有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。

Article 994 Where the name, likeness, reputation, honor, privacy, or body of a deceased person is infringed upon, his spouse, children, and parents have the right to request the actor to assume the civil liability according to the law; and where the deceased has no spouse or children, and his parents are dead, other close relatives have the right to request the actor to assume the civil liability according to the law.

　　第九百九十五条　人格权受到侵害的，受害人有权依照本法和其他法律的规定请求行为人承担民事责任。受害人的停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉请求权，不适用诉讼时效的规定。

Article 995 Where the personality rights are infringed upon, a victim has the right to request the actor to assume civil liability in accordance with this Code and other laws. The provisions on the statutes of limitation shall not apply to any request of a victim for cessation of infringement, removal of obstacles, elimination of danger, elimination of adverse effects, rehabilitation of reputation, or extending a formal apology.

　　第九百九十六条　因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。

Article 996 Where a party breaches a contract, causing damage to the other party's personality rights and causing serious mental distress, the aggrieved party's choice of requesting the party to assume liability for breach of contract shall not affect the aggrieved party's request for compensation for mental distress.

　　第九百九十七条　民事主体有证据证明行为人正在实施或者即将实施侵害其人格权的违法行为，不及时制止将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，有权依法向人民法院申请采取责令行为人停止有关行为的措施。

Article 997 Where a party to civil legal relations has evidence to prove that an actor is committing or will commit an illegal act of infringing upon his personality rights, and, if failing to guard his lawful rights and interests in a timely manner will lead to irreparable damages, he has the right to apply to the people's court in accordance with the law for taking the measure of ordering the actor to cease the relevant behavior.

　　第九百九十八条　认定行为人承担侵害除生命权、身体权和健康权外的人格权的民事责任，应当考虑行为人和受害人的职业、影响范围、过错程度，以及行为的目的、方式、后果等因素。

Article 998 To determine that an actor assumes civil liability for infringing upon personality rights other than the rights of life, inviolability and integrity of person, and health, the occupation, scope of influence, degree of fault, purpose, methods, and consequences of the behavior, and other factors of the actor and aggrieved party shall be considered.

　　第九百九十九条　为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的，可以合理使用民事主体的姓名、名称、肖像、个人信息等；使用不合理侵害民事主体人格权的，应当依法承担民事责任。

Article 999 Whoever conducts such acts as news reporting and supervision over public opinions, among others, for public interests, may properly use the name, likeness, and personal information, among others, of a party to civil legal relations; and whoever uses them improperly and infringes upon the personality rights of a party to civil legal relations shall assume civil liability according to the law.

　　第一千条　行为人因侵害人格权承担消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉等民事责任的，应当与行为的具体方式和造成的影响范围相当。

Article 1000 An actor that assumes civil liabilities of elimination of adverse effects, rehabilitation of reputation, and extending a formal apology, among others, for infringing upon the personality rights shall assume liabilities equivalent to the specific manner of the acts and the scope of influence.

行为人拒不承担前款规定的民事责任的，人民法院可以采取在报刊、网络等媒体上发布公告或者公布生效裁判文书等方式执行，产生的费用由行为人负担。

Where an actor refuses to assume the civil liability prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the people's court may adopt such methods as issuing an announcement or announcing an effective judgment document in such media as newspapers, periodicals, and the Internet for enforcement, at the expense of the actor.

　　第一千零一条　对自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的身份权利的保护，适用本法第一编、第五编和其他法律的相关规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编人格权保护的有关规定。

Article 1001 The protection of a natural person's right of identity arising from marital and family relations, among others, shall be governed by Book One and Book Five of this Code, and the relevant provisions of other laws; and where there are no such provisions, the relevant provisions of this book on the protection of personality rights shall apply mutatis mutandis according to its nature.

第二章　生命权、身体权和健康权

Chapter II Rights of Life, Inviolability and Integrity of Person, and Health

　　第一千零二条　自然人享有生命权。自然人的生命安全和生命尊严受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的生命权。

Article 1002 A natural person enjoys the right of life. The safety and dignity of life of natural persons shall be protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of life.

　　第一千零三条　自然人享有身体权。自然人的身体完整和行动自由受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的身体权。

Article 1003 A natural person enjoys the right of inviolability and integrity of person. The physical integrity and freedom of movement of natural persons shall be protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of inviolability or integrity of person.

　　第一千零四条　自然人享有健康权。自然人的身心健康受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的健康权。

Article 1004 A natural person enjoys the right of health. The physical and mental health of natural persons shall be protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of health.

　　第一千零五条　自然人的生命权、身体权、健康权受到侵害或者处于其他危难情形的，负有法定救助义务的组织或者个人应当及时施救。

Article 1005 Where a natural person's right of life, inviolability and integrity of person, or health is infringed upon or under other situations of danger, the organization or individual with the legal obligation of rescue shall conduct rescue activities in a timely manner.

　　第一千零六条　完全民事行为能力人有权依法自主决定无偿捐献其人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。任何组织或者个人不得强迫、欺骗、利诱其捐献。

Article 1006 A person with full capacity for civil conduct has the autonomy to decide to donate his human cells, human tissues, human organs, and remains in accordance with the law. No organization or individual may force or induce any person to make donation or deceive any person into making donation.

完全民事行为能力人依据前款规定同意捐献的，应当采用书面形式，也可以订立遗嘱。

A person with full capacity for civil conduct agreeing to make donation in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall adopt the written form and may make a will.

自然人生前未表示不同意捐献的，该自然人死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以共同决定捐献，决定捐献应当采用书面形式。

The spouse, grownup children or parents of a natural person who has not expressed dissent from the donation may jointly decide on the donation in writing after his death.

　　第一千零七条　禁止以任何形式买卖人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。

Article 1007 Trading in human cells, human tissues, human organs, and remains in any form is prohibited.

违反前款规定的买卖行为无效。

Any sale or purchase in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph is invalid.

　　第一千零八条　为研制新药、医疗器械或者发展新的预防和治疗方法，需要进行临床试验的，应当依法经相关主管部门批准并经伦理委员会审查同意，向受试者或者受试者的监护人告知试验目的、用途和可能产生的风险等详细情况，并经其书面同意。

Article 1008 Where clinical experiments need to be conducted for the development of new drugs and medical devices or the development of new prevention and treatment methods, with the approval of the competent department and the consent of the ethics committee upon examination, the subjects or their guardians shall be notified of the experiment purpose, use, possible risks and other details according to the law, and their written consent shall be obtained.

进行临床试验的，不得向受试者收取试验费用。

For clinical experiments, no experiment fee shall be collected from any subject.

　　第一千零九条　从事与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的医学和科研活动，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国家有关规定，不得危害人体健康，不得违背伦理道德，不得损害公共利益。

Article 1009 Medical and scientific research activities concerning human genes and human embryos, among others, shall be carried out according to the laws and administrative regulations, and relevant provisions issued by the state, without endangering human health, violating moral principles, or damaging public interests.

　　第一千零一十条　违背他人意愿，以言语、文字、图像、肢体行为等方式对他人实施性骚扰的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。

Article 1010 In the event of sexual harassment against another person's will by words, characters, images, or physical acts, the victim has the right to request the actor to assume civil liability according to the law.

机关、企业、学校等单位应当采取合理的预防、受理投诉、调查处置等措施，防止和制止利用职权、从属关系等实施性骚扰。

Organs, enterprises, schools and other entities shall take reasonable measures of prevention, acceptance of complaints, investigation and handling, so as to prevent and cease sexual harassment conducted by violators by making use of their powers and affiliation relationship.

　　第一千零一十一条　以非法拘禁等方式剥夺、限制他人的行动自由，或者非法搜查他人身体的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。

Article 1011 In the event of deprivation or restriction of another person's freedom of movement by illegal detention, or illegal body search of another person, the victim has the right to request the actor to assume civil liability according to the law.

第三章　姓名权和名称权

Chapter III Right of Name

　　第一千零一十二条　自然人享有姓名权，有权依法决定、使用、变更或者许可他人使用自己的姓名，但是不得违背公序良俗。

Article 1012 A natural person has the right of name and has the right to determine, use, change or permit another person's use of his own name according to the law, without being contrary to public order and good morals.

　　第一千零一十三条　法人、非法人组织享有名称权，有权依法决定、使用、变更、转让或者许可他人使用自己的名称。

Article 1013 Legal persons and unincorporated organizations have the right of name and to decide, use, change, transfer or license others' use of their names in accordance with the law.

　　第一千零一十四条　任何组织或者个人不得以干涉、盗用、假冒等方式侵害他人的姓名权或者名称权。

Article 1014 No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of name by interference, misappropriation, or counterfeiting.

　　第一千零一十五条　自然人应当随父姓或者母姓，但是有下列情形之一的，可以在父姓和母姓之外选取姓氏：

Article 1015 A natural person shall take the surname of either the father or mother. Under one of the following circumstances, he may adopt a surname other than that of the father or mother:

（一）选取其他直系长辈血亲的姓氏；

(1) Adoption of the surname of a senior lineal relative by blood.

（二）因由法定扶养人以外的人扶养而选取扶养人姓氏；

(2) Adoption of the surname of a supporter, since the citizen is supported by a supporter other than the statutory one.

（三）有不违背公序良俗的其他正当理由。

(3) Any other justified reason not being contrary to public order and good morals.

少数民族自然人的姓氏可以遵从本民族的文化传统和风俗习惯。

A natural person of ethnic minority may adopt the surname based on the cultural traditions and customs of his ethnic minority.

　　第一千零一十六条　自然人决定、变更姓名，或者法人、非法人组织决定、变更、转让名称的，应当依法向有关机关办理登记手续，但是法律另有规定的除外。

Article 1016 A natural person deciding or changing his own name, or a legal person or unincorporated organization deciding, changing, or transferring its own name shall undergo the registration formalities with the relevant authority according to the law, except as otherwise prescribed by law.

民事主体变更姓名、名称的，变更前实施的民事法律行为对其具有法律约束力。

Where a party to civil legal relations changes his name, the civil legal acts conducted before the change shall be legally binding upon him or it.

　　第一千零一十七条　具有一定社会知名度，被他人使用足以造成公众混淆的笔名、艺名、网名、译名、字号、姓名和名称的简称等，参照适用姓名权和名称权保护的有关规定。

Article 1017 Pseudonyms, stage names, net names, translated names, identifiers, and abbreviations of names, among others, with certain social popularity, whose use by others is sufficient to cause public confusion shall be governed, mutatis mutandis, by the applicable provisions on the protection of rights of names.

第四章　肖像权

Chapter IV Right of Likeness

　　第一千零一十八条　自然人享有肖像权，有权依法制作、使用、公开或者许可他人使用自己的肖像。

Article 1018 A natural person has the right of likeness and has the right to make, use, publish or permit another person's use of his own likeness according to the law.

肖像是通过影像、雕塑、绘画等方式在一定载体上所反映的特定自然人可以被识别的外部形象。

A likeness is an external image reflected on a certain carrier by means of video, sculpture, and painting, among others, through which a specific natural person can be identified.

　　第一千零一十九条　任何组织或者个人不得以丑化、污损，或者利用信息技术手段伪造等方式侵害他人的肖像权。未经肖像权人同意，不得制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像，但是法律另有规定的除外。

Article 1019 No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of likeness by defaming, defacing, or forgery by information technology, and other means. Without consent of the likeness right holder, no likeness of any likeness right holder shall be made, used, or published, except as otherwise prescribed by law.

未经肖像权人同意，肖像作品权利人不得以发表、复制、发行、出租、展览等方式使用或者公开肖像权人的肖像。

Without consent of the likeness right holder, the right holder of likeness works shall not use or publish the likeness of the likeness right holder by publication, reproduction, issuance, leasing, exhibition, or any other means.

　　第一千零二十条　合理实施下列行为的，可以不经肖像权人同意：

Article 1020 The following acts, if conducted properly, can be without the consent of the likeness right holder:

（一）为个人学习、艺术欣赏、课堂教学或者科学研究，在必要范围内使用肖像权人已经公开的肖像；

(1) Using a likeness of a likeness right holder that has been published, for personal study, art appreciation, classroom teaching or scientific research within a necessary scope.

（二）为实施新闻报道，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；

(2) Inevitably producing, using, or publishing a likeness of a likeness right holder, for news reporting.

（三）为依法履行职责，国家机关在必要范围内制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；

(3) Producing, using, or publishing a likeness of a likeness right holder within a necessary scope, for lawful fulfillment of duties.

（四）为展示特定公共环境，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；

(4) Inevitably producing, using, or publishing a likeness of a likeness right holder, for displaying a specific public environment.

（五）为维护公共利益或者肖像权人合法权益，制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像的其他行为。

(5) Other acts of producing, using, or publishing a likeness of a likeness right holder, for protecting the public interests or the lawful rights and interests of the likeness right holder.

　　第一千零二十一条　当事人对肖像许可使用合同中关于肖像使用条款的理解有争议的，应当作出有利于肖像权人的解释。

Article 1021 Where the parties have disputes on the understanding of the clauses in a contract on the licensed use of a likeness concerning the use of a likeness, an explanation in favor of the likeness right holder shall be made.

　　第一千零二十二条　当事人对肖像许可使用期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，任何一方当事人可以随时解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。

Article 1022 Where the parties have not agreed on the time limit for licensed use of likeness or the agreement is undefined, either party may terminate the contract on the licensed use of a likeness at any time, but shall notify the other party prior to a rational time limit.

当事人对肖像许可使用期限有明确约定，肖像权人有正当理由的，可以解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可归责于肖像权人的事由外，应当赔偿损失。

Where the parties have expressly agreed on the time limit for licensed use of a likeness, a likeness right holder may, with justified reasons, terminate the contract on the licensed use of a likeness, but shall notify the other party prior to a rational time limit. Where losses are caused to the other party due to the termination of a contract, the losses shall be compensated for by the likeness right holder, except for matters not attributable to the likeness right holder.

　　第一千零二十三条　对姓名等的许可使用，参照适用肖像许可使用的有关规定。

Article 1023 The licensed use of a name, etc., shall be governed by the relevant provisions on the licensed use of likeness, mutatis mutandis.

对自然人声音的保护，参照适用肖像权保护的有关规定。

The protection of a natural person's voice shall be governed by the relevant provisions on the protection of the right of likeness, mutatis mutandis.

第五章　名誉权和荣誉权

Chapter V Right of Reputation and Right of Honor

　　第一千零二十四条　民事主体享有名誉权。任何组织或者个人不得以侮辱、诽谤等方式侵害他人的名誉权。

Article 1024 A party to civil legal relations enjoys the right of reputation. No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of reputation by insulting, defaming or any other means.

名誉是对民事主体的品德、声望、才能、信用等的社会评价。

Reputation is the social evaluation of a party to civil legal relations in terms of moral character, prestige, talent, and credit, among others.

　　第一千零二十五条　行为人为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为，影响他人名誉的，不承担民事责任，但是有下列情形之一的除外：

Article 1025 An actor affecting any other's reputation by news reporting, supervision over public opinions, or any other behavior conducted for public interests shall not assume civil liability, except under one of the following circumstances:

（一）捏造、歪曲事实；

(1) Fabricating and distorting the fact.

（二）对他人提供的严重失实内容未尽到合理核实义务；

(2) Failing to fulfill the obligation of rational verification for the seriously false content provided by any other.

（三）使用侮辱性言辞等贬损他人名誉。

(3) Degrading any other's reputation with insulting words.

　　第一千零二十六条　认定行为人是否尽到前条第二项规定的合理核实义务，应当考虑下列因素：

Article 1026 To determine whether an actor has fulfilled the obligation of rational verification prescribed in item (2) of the preceding article, the following factors shall be considered:

（一）内容来源的可信度；

(1) The credibility of the source.

（二）对明显可能引发争议的内容是否进行了必要的调查；

(2) Whether necessary investigations have been conducted into the content that may obviously cause dispute.

（三）内容的时限性；

(3) The timeliness of the content.

（四）内容与公序良俗的关联性；

(4) The relevance between the content and the public order and good morals.

（五）受害人名誉受贬损的可能性；

(5) The possibility of degrading the victim's reputation.

（六）核实能力和核实成本。

(6) The verification capability and verification costs.

　　第一千零二十七条　行为人发表的文学、艺术作品以真人真事或者特定人为描述对象，含有侮辱、诽谤内容，侵害他人名誉权的，受害人有权依法请求该行为人承担民事责任。

Article 1027 Where the literary and artistic works which are published by an actor and which describe a real person, a real event or a specific person, contain insulting or defamatory content, and infringe upon the right of reputation of another person, the victim has the right to request the actor to assume the civil liability according to the law.

行为人发表的文学、艺术作品不以特定人为描述对象，仅其中的情节与该特定人的情况相似的，不承担民事责任。

Where the literary and artistic works published by an actor do not describe a specific person, and only have plots similar to that of the specific person, the actor shall not assume any civil liability.

　　第一千零二十八条　民事主体有证据证明报刊、网络等媒体报道的内容失实，侵害其名誉权的，有权请求该媒体及时采取更正或者删除等必要措施。

Article 1028 A party to civil legal relations that has evidence to prove that the contents reported in the newspaper, periodicals, network, and other media are inconsistent with the facts and infringe upon his right of reputation has the right to request the media to take such necessary measures as making corrections or deletion in a timely manner.

　　第一千零二十九条　民事主体可以依法查询自己的信用评价；发现信用评价不当的，有权提出异议并请求采取更正、删除等必要措施。信用评价人应当及时核查，经核查属实的，应当及时采取必要措施。

Article 1029 A party to civil legal relations may check his own credit rating according to the law; and upon discovery of any inappropriateness in credit rating, he or it has the right to raise an objection and request taking of necessary measures such as making corrections and deletion. Credit raters shall conduct inspection in a timely manner, and take necessary measures in a timely manner, where it is verified to be true.

　　第一千零三十条　民事主体与征信机构等信用信息处理者之间的关系，适用本编有关个人信息保护的规定和其他法律、行政法规的有关规定。

Article 1030 The relationship between the parties to civil legal relations and credit information handlers such as credit rating agencies shall be governed by the provisions of this Book on the protection of personal information and other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

　　第一千零三十一条　民事主体享有荣誉权。任何组织或者个人不得非法剥夺他人的荣誉称号，不得诋毁、贬损他人的荣誉。

Article 1031 A party to civil legal relations enjoys the right of honor. No organization or individual may illegally deprive any other of his honorary title, or denigrate or degrade any other's honor.

获得的荣誉称号应当记载而没有记载的，民事主体可以请求记载；获得的荣誉称号记载错误的，民事主体可以请求更正。

Where an honorary title obtained should be recorded but is not recorded, a party to civil legal relations may request that it be recorded; and where an honorary title obtained is incorrectly recorded, the party to civil legal relations may request correction.

第六章　隐私权和个人信息保护

Chapter VI Right of Privacy and Protection of Personal Information

　　第一千零三十二条　自然人享有隐私权。任何组织或者个人不得以刺探、侵扰、泄露、公开等方式侵害他人的隐私权。

Article 1032 A natural person enjoys the right of privacy. No organization or individual may infringe upon any other's right of privacy by spying, intrusion, disclosure, publishing, or any other means.

隐私是自然人的私人生活安宁和不愿为他人知晓的私密空间、私密活动、私密信息。

Privacy is the tranquility of the private life of a natural person, and the private space, private activities, and private information that he is unwilling to be known to others.

　　第一千零三十三条　除法律另有规定或者权利人明确同意外，任何组织或者个人不得实施下列行为：

Article 1033 Except as otherwise prescribed by law or with the express consent of the right holder, no organization or individual may conduct the following acts:

（一）以电话、短信、即时通讯工具、电子邮件、传单等方式侵扰他人的私人生活安宁；

(1) Invading the tranquility of the private life of any other by phone calls, SMS, instant messaging tools, emails, leaflets, or any other means.

（二）进入、拍摄、窥视他人的住宅、宾馆房间等私密空间；

(2) Entering, photographing, or peeping at any other's residence, hotel room, or any other private space.

（三）拍摄、窥视、窃听、公开他人的私密活动；

(3) Photographing, peeping at, eavesdropping on, or publishing the private activities of any other.

（四）拍摄、窥视他人身体的私密部位；

(4) Photographing or peeping at any private part of any other's body.

（五）处理他人的私密信息；

(5) Handling the private information of any other.

（六）以其他方式侵害他人的隐私权。

(6) Infringing upon the right of privacy of any other by other means.

　　第一千零三十四条　自然人的个人信息受法律保护。

Article 1034 The personal information of natural persons is protected by law.

个人信息是以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别特定自然人的各种信息，包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、生物识别信息、住址、电话号码、电子邮箱、健康信息、行踪信息等。

Personal information is various information recorded electronically or in other forms that can identify a specific natural person separately or in combination with other information, including a natural person's name, date of birth, identity card number, biological recognition information, address, telephone number, e-mail address, health information, and whereabouts information, among others.

个人信息中的私密信息，适用有关隐私权的规定；没有规定的，适用有关个人信息保护的规定。

Private information in personal information shall be governed by the provisions on privacy right; where there are no provisions, the provisions on the protection of personal information shall apply.

　　第一千零三十五条　处理个人信息的，应当遵循合法、正当、必要原则，不得过度处理，并符合下列条件：

Article 1035 The personal information of a natural person shall be handled under the principles of lawfulness, justification and necessity, shall not be excessively handled, and shall meet the following conditions:

（一）征得该自然人或者其监护人同意，但是法律、行政法规另有规定的除外；

(1) With consent of the natural person or his guardian, unless as otherwise prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

（二）公开处理信息的规则；

(2) The rules for publicly handling information.

（三）明示处理信息的目的、方式和范围；

(3) Expressly indicating the purpose, method and scope of handling information.

（四）不违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定。

(4) Not violating the provisions of laws or administrative regulations or the agreement between the both parties.

个人信息的处理包括个人信息的收集、存储、使用、加工、传输、提供、公开等。

The handling of personal information includes the collection, storage, use, handling, transmission, provision, and disclosure, among others, of personal information.

　　第一千零三十六条　处理个人信息，有下列情形之一的，行为人不承担民事责任：

Article 1036 For the handling of personal information, an actor shall not assume any civil liability under one of the following circumstances:

（一）在该自然人或者其监护人同意的范围内合理实施的行为；

(1) The acts properly conducted within the scope agreed by the natural person or his guardian.

（二）合理处理该自然人自行公开的或者其他已经合法公开的信息，但是该自然人明确拒绝或者处理该信息侵害其重大利益的除外；

(2) Properly handling the information that the natural person has published or other information that has been legally published, except the case that it is explicitly refused by the natural person or when handling of the information infringes upon his significant interests.

（三）为维护公共利益或者该自然人合法权益，合理实施的其他行为。

(3) Other acts properly conducted for protecting the public interests or the lawful rights and interests of the natural person.

　　第一千零三十七条　自然人可以依法向信息处理者查阅或者复制其个人信息；发现信息有错误的，有权提出异议并请求及时采取更正等必要措施。

Article 1037 A natural person may consult or reproduce his personal information from the information handler according to the law; and upon discovery of any error in the information, he has the right to raise an objection and request to make corrections and take other necessary measures in a timely manner.

自然人发现信息处理者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定处理其个人信息的，有权请求信息处理者及时删除。

A natural person finding an information handler's handling of his personal information in violation of the laws and administrative regulations or the agreement between the two parties has the right to request the information handler to delete it in a timely manner.

　　第一千零三十八条　信息处理者不得泄露或者篡改其收集、存储的个人信息；未经自然人同意，不得向他人非法提供其个人信息，但是经过加工无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。

Article 1038 An information handler shall not disclose or tamper with any personal information collected or stored thereby; and without consent of a natural person, no personal information shall be illegally provided for any other person, excluding the information through which the specific individual cannot be identified after processing and which cannot be restored.

信息处理者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集、存储的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、篡改、丢失；发生或者可能发生个人信息泄露、篡改、丢失的，应当及时采取补救措施，按照规定告知自然人并向有关主管部门报告。

An information handler shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the security of the personal information collected and stored thereby and prevent information leakage, tampering, and loss; and for any personal information leakage, tampering, or loss that occurs or is likely to occur, remedy measures shall be taken in a timely manner, the natural person shall be notified according to the provisions, and it shall be reported to the competent department.

　　第一千零三十九条　国家机关、承担行政职能的法定机构及其工作人员对于履行职责过程中知悉的自然人的隐私和个人信息，应当予以保密，不得泄露或者向他人非法提供。

Article 1039 The state organs, statutory institutions assuming administrative functions, and their staff members shall keep confidential the privacy and personal information of natural persons known in the course of fulfilling duties, and shall not disclose it or illegally provide it for others.

第五编　婚姻家庭

Book Five Marriage and Family

第一章　一般规定

Chapter I General Rules

　　第一千零四十条　本编调整因婚姻家庭产生的民事关系。

Article 1040 This Book regulates civil relations arising out of marriage and family.

　　第一千零四十一条　婚姻家庭受国家保护。

Article 1041 Marriage and family are protected by the state.

实行婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女平等的婚姻制度。

A marriage system based on freedom of marriage, monogamy and equality between man and woman is applied.

保护妇女、未成年人、老年人、残疾人的合法权益。

The lawful rights and interests of women, minors, the elderly and the disabled are protected.

　　第一千零四十二条　禁止包办、买卖婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行为。禁止借婚姻索取财物。

Article 1042 Arranged marriage, mercenary marriage and any other act of interference in freedom of marriage are prohibited. The exaction of money or gifts in connection with marriage is prohibited.

禁止重婚。禁止有配偶者与他人同居。

Bigamy is prohibited. Cohabitation of a married person with any third party is prohibited.

禁止家庭暴力。禁止家庭成员间的虐待和遗弃。

Domestic violence is prohibited. Maltreatment or desertion of any family member is prohibited.

　　第一千零四十三条　家庭应当树立优良家风，弘扬家庭美德，重视家庭文明建设。

Article 1043 Families shall establish good family values, promote family virtues, and pay close attention to cultural and ethical advancement in families.

夫妻应当互相忠实，互相尊重，互相关爱；家庭成员应当敬老爱幼，互相帮助，维护平等、和睦、文明的婚姻家庭关系。

Husband and wife shall be faithful to, respect and care for each other. Family members shall respect the elderly, take good care of children, help each other, and maintain equal, harmonious and civilized marriage and family relations.

　　第一千零四十四条　收养应当遵循最有利于被收养人的原则，保障被收养人和收养人的合法权益。

Article 1044 Adoption shall follow the principle of serving the best interest of the adopted person, and protect the lawful rights and interests of the adopter and the adopted person.

禁止借收养名义买卖未成年人。

It is prohibited to buy or sell a minor under the cloak of adoption.

　　第一千零四十五条　亲属包括配偶、血亲和姻亲。

Article 1045 Relatives include spouses, blood relations, and relations by marriage.

配偶、父母、子女、兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母、孙子女、外孙子女为近亲属。

Spouses, parents, children, siblings, paternal and maternal grandparents, and paternal and maternal grandchildren are close relatives.

配偶、父母、子女和其他共同生活的近亲属为家庭成员。

Spouses, parents, children and other close relatives living together are family members.

第二章　结婚

Chapter II Marriage

　　第一千零四十六条　结婚应当男女双方完全自愿，禁止任何一方对另一方加以强迫，禁止任何组织或者个人加以干涉。

Article 1046 Marriage shall be based on the complete willingness of both man and woman, and compulsion used by either party on the other and interference by any organization or individual shall be prohibited.

　　第一千零四十七条　结婚年龄，男不得早于二十二周岁，女不得早于二十周岁。

Article 1047 No marriage shall be allowed before the man has reached 22 years of age and the woman 20 years of age.

　　第一千零四十八条　直系血亲或者三代以内的旁系血亲禁止结婚。

Article 1048 The marriage between lineal relatives by blood or between collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship is prohibited.

　　第一千零四十九条　要求结婚的男女双方应当亲自到婚姻登记机关申请结婚登记。符合本法规定的，予以登记，发给结婚证。完成结婚登记，即确立婚姻关系。未办理结婚登记的，应当补办登记。

Article 1049 Both the man and the woman desiring to marry shall apply for marriage registration in person at the marriage registration authority. If the proposed marriage is found to conform to the provisions of this Code, the couple shall be granted registration and issued marriage certificates. The marital relationship shall be established as soon as the marriage registration is completed. A couple shall go through marriage registration if it has not done so.

　　第一千零五十条　登记结婚后，按照男女双方约定，女方可以成为男方家庭的成员，男方可以成为女方家庭的成员。

Article 1050 After a marriage has been registered, the woman may become a member of the man's family or vice versa, depending on the agreed wishes of the two parties.

　　第一千零五十一条　有下列情形之一的，婚姻无效：

Article 1051 A marriage shall be invalid under any of the following circumstances:

（一）重婚；

(1) Either of the married parties commits bigamy.

（二）有禁止结婚的亲属关系；

(2) There is prohibited degree of kinship between the married parties.

（三）未到法定婚龄。

(3) The legally marriageable age is not attained.

　　第一千零五十二条　因胁迫结婚的，受胁迫的一方可以向人民法院请求撤销婚姻。

Article 1052 Where a marriage is as a result of coercion, the coerced party may make a request to the people's court for annulment of such marriage.

请求撤销婚姻的，应当自胁迫行为终止之日起一年内提出。

Such a request for annulment of marriage shall be made within one year from the day on which coercion terminates.

被非法限制人身自由的当事人请求撤销婚姻的，应当自恢复人身自由之日起一年内提出。

Where the party whose personal freedom has been illegally restricted makes a request for annulment of marriage, such a request shall be made within one year from the date of restoration of personal freedom.

　　第一千零五十三条　一方患有重大疾病的，应当在结婚登记前如实告知另一方；不如实告知的，另一方可以向人民法院请求撤销婚姻。

Article 1053 Where one of the parities suffers from a serious illness, he or she shall truthfully inform the other party before marriage registration. In the case of failure to do so, the other party may make a request to the people's court for annulment of marriage.

请求撤销婚姻的，应当自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内提出。

Such a request for annulment of marriage shall be made within one year from the day on which the party knows or should have known the cause of annulment.

　　第一千零五十四条　无效的或者被撤销的婚姻自始没有法律约束力，当事人不具有夫妻的权利和义务。同居期间所得的财产，由当事人协议处理；协议不成的，由人民法院根据照顾无过错方的原则判决。对重婚导致的无效婚姻的财产处理，不得侵害合法婚姻当事人的财产权益。当事人所生的子女，适用本法关于父母子女的规定。

Article 1054 An invalid or annulled marriage is not legally binding from the outset, and the parties concerned are devoid of any rights or duties of a husband and a wife. The property acquired by them during their cohabitation shall be disposed of by both parties upon agreement; if they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment under the principle of favoring the no-fault party. The disposition of the property in respect of the invalid marriage caused by bigamy may not be to the detriment of the property rights and interests of the party concerned to the lawful marriage. With regard to the children born of the parties concerned, the provisions governing parents and children as set out in this Code shall apply.

婚姻无效或者被撤销的，无过错方有权请求损害赔偿。

Where a marriage is invalid or annulled, the no-fault party shall have the right to claim compensation.

第三章　家庭关系

Chapter III Family Relations

第一节　夫妻关系

Section 1 Husband and Wife

　　第一千零五十五条　夫妻在婚姻家庭中地位平等。

Article 1055 Husband and wife have equal status in marriage and family.

　　第一千零五十六条　夫妻双方都有各自使用自己姓名的权利。

Article 1056 Both husband and wife are entitled to use their respective names.

　　第一千零五十七条　夫妻双方都有参加生产、工作、学习和社会活动的自由，一方不得对另一方加以限制或者干涉。

Article 1057 Both husband and wife have the freedom to engage in production and other work, to study, and to participate in social activities; neither party may restrict or interfere with the other party.

　　第一千零五十八条　夫妻双方平等享有对未成年子女抚养、教育和保护的权利，共同承担对未成年子女抚养、教育和保护的义务。

Article 1058 Both husband and wife equally enjoy the rights to support, educate and protect their minor children, and shall jointly assume the duties to support, educate, and protect their minor children.

　　第一千零五十九条　夫妻有相互扶养的义务。

Article 1059 Husband and wife have the duty to support each other.

需要扶养的一方，在另一方不履行扶养义务时，有要求其给付扶养费的权利。

Where one party fails to perform this duty, the party in need of support shall have the right to demand spousal support from the other party.

　　第一千零六十条　夫妻一方因家庭日常生活需要而实施的民事法律行为，对夫妻双方发生效力，但是夫妻一方与相对人另有约定的除外。

Article 1060 A juridical act performed by one of the spouses to meet the needs of the family's daily life shall be binding on both of them, except as otherwise agreed between one spouse and an opposite party.

夫妻之间对一方可以实施的民事法律行为范围的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。

The restrictions agreed upon by the spouses on the scope of juridical acts that one spouse may perform shall not be set up against bona fide opposite parties.

　　第一千零六十一条　夫妻有相互继承遗产的权利。

Article 1061 Husband and wife are entitled to inherit the property of each other.

　　第一千零六十二条　夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间所得的下列财产，为夫妻的共同财产，归夫妻共同所有：

Article 1062 The following property acquired by the husband and the wife during the marriage shall be considered as community property and be in their joint possession:

（一）工资、奖金、劳务报酬；

(1) Wages, bonuses, and remuneration for personal services.

（二）生产、经营、投资的收益；

(2) Earnings from production, operation, and investment.

（三）知识产权的收益；

(3) Earnings from intellectual property.

（四）继承或者受赠的财产，但是本法第一千零六十三条第三项规定的除外；

(4) Property acquired from inheritance or gift, except as provided in subparagraph 3 of Article 1,063 of this Code.

（五）其他应当归共同所有的财产。

(5) Other property that should be in their joint possession.

夫妻对共同财产，有平等的处理权。

Husband and wife enjoy equal rights in the disposition of their community property.

　　第一千零六十三条　下列财产为夫妻一方的个人财产：

Article 1063 The following property shall be considered as the separate property of one of the spouses:

（一）一方的婚前财产；

(1) Prenuptial property that belongs to one spouse.

（二）一方因受到人身损害获得的赔偿或者补偿；

(2) Compensation or indemnification received by one spouse for personal injuries.

（三）遗嘱或者赠与合同中确定只归一方的财产；

(3) The property going only to one spouse as specified in a will or a gift contract.

（四）一方专用的生活用品；

(4) Private articles for daily use of one spouse.

（五）其他应当归一方的财产。

(5) Other property that should be in the possession of one spouse.

　　第一千零六十四条　夫妻双方共同签名或者夫妻一方事后追认等共同意思表示所负的债务，以及夫妻一方在婚姻关系存续期间以个人名义为家庭日常生活需要所负的债务，属于夫妻共同债务。

Article 1064 The debts incurred by the husband and wife through a common declaration of will such as the joint signatures of husband and wife or the subsequent ratification by the other spouse and the debts incurred by the husband or wife in his or her own name to meet the needs of the family's daily life during the marriage shall be considered as community debts.

夫妻一方在婚姻关系存续期间以个人名义超出家庭日常生活需要所负的债务，不属于夫妻共同债务；但是，债权人能够证明该债务用于夫妻共同生活、共同生产经营或者基于夫妻双方共同意思表示的除外。

The debt incurred by the husband or wife in his or her own name beyond the needs of the family's daily life during the marriage shall not be considered as community debt, except if the creditor can prove that the debt is used to meet the joint needs of life or production or operation of husband and wife, or based on common declaration of will of husband and wife.

　　第一千零六十五条　男女双方可以约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产归各自所有、共同所有或者部分各自所有、部分共同所有。约定应当采用书面形式。没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第一千零六十二条、第一千零六十三条的规定。

Article 1065 So far as the property acquired during the marriage and the prenuptial property are concerned, husband and wife may agree as to whether they should be in the separate possession, joint possession or partly separate possession and partly joint possession. The agreement shall be made in writing. In the absence of such an agreement or of an express agreement, the provisions of Articles 1,062 and 1,063 of this Code shall apply.

夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产的约定，对双方具有法律约束力。

The agreement reached between husband and wife on the property acquired during the marriage and on their prenuptial property shall be legally binding on both parties.

夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产约定归各自所有，夫或者妻一方对外所负的债务，相对人知道该约定的，以夫或者妻一方的个人财产清偿。

Where husband and wife agree to separately possess the property acquired by them during the marriage, the debt owed by the husband or the wife to any other person shall be paid off out of his or her separate property, if such other person knows that there is such an agreement.

　　第一千零六十六条　婚姻关系存续期间，有下列情形之一的，夫妻一方可以向人民法院请求分割共同财产：

Article 1066 During the marriage, the husband or wife may make a request to the people's court for the partition of their community property under any of the following circumstances:

（一）一方有隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损、挥霍夫妻共同财产或者伪造夫妻共同债务等严重损害夫妻共同财产利益的行为；

(1) One spouse conceals, transfers, sells off, destroys or squanders community property, fabricates community debts, or commits any other conduct that seriously damages the interests of the community property.

（二）一方负有法定扶养义务的人患重大疾病需要医治，另一方不同意支付相关医疗费用。

(2) A person towards whom a spouse has a statutory duty of support suffers from a serious illness and needs medical treatment, while the other spouse refuses to pay the relevant medical expenses.

第二节　父母子女关系和其他近亲属关系

Section 2 Parents, Children, and Other Close Relatives

　　第一千零六十七条　父母不履行抚养义务的，未成年子女或者不能独立生活的成年子女，有要求父母给付抚养费的权利。

Article 1067 Where parents fail to perform their duty of support, minor children or children of full age who are incapable of living on their own shall have the right to demand child support from their parents.

成年子女不履行赡养义务的，缺乏劳动能力或者生活困难的父母，有要求成年子女给付赡养费的权利。

Where children of full age fail to perform their duty to support parents, parents who have lost the ability to work or have difficulties in supporting themselves shall have the right to demand support for elderly parents from their children.

　　第一千零六十八条　父母有教育、保护未成年子女的权利和义务。未成年子女造成他人损害的，父母应当依法承担民事责任。

Article 1068 Parents have the rights and duties to educate and protect their minor children. Where minor children cause damage to others, their parents shall assume civil liability in accordance with the law.

　　第一千零六十九条　子女应当尊重父母的婚姻权利，不得干涉父母离婚、再婚以及婚后的生活。子女对父母的赡养义务，不因父母的婚姻关系变化而终止。

Article 1069 Children shall have respect for their parents' marital rights, and shall not interfere in their parents' divorce, remarriage and their life after remarriage. Children's duty to support their parents shall not terminate with the change in their parents' marital relationship.

　　第一千零七十条　父母和子女有相互继承遗产的权利。

Article 1070 Parents and children are entitled to inherit each other's property.

　　第一千零七十一条　非婚生子女享有与婚生子女同等的权利，任何组织或者个人不得加以危害和歧视。

Article 1071 Children born out of wedlock enjoy the same rights as children born in wedlock. No organization or individual may harm or discriminate against them.

不直接抚养非婚生子女的生父或者生母，应当负担未成年子女或者不能独立生活的成年子女的抚养费。

The natural father or the natural mother who does not have custody of his or her child born out of wedlock shall pay the child support of the minor child or the child of full age who is incapable of living on his or her own.

　　第一千零七十二条　继父母与继子女间，不得虐待或者歧视。

Article 1072 No maltreatment or discrimination is allowed between stepparents and stepchildren.

继父或者继母和受其抚养教育的继子女间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于父母子女关系的规定。

The relevant provisions governing the relationship between parents and children as set out in this Code shall apply to the rights and duties between stepfathers or stepmothers and their stepchildren who are supported and educated by them.

　　第一千零七十三条　对亲子关系有异议且有正当理由的，父或者母可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求确认或者否认亲子关系。

Article 1073 Where an objection to maternity or paternity is justifiably raised, the father or mother may institute an action in the people's court for affirmation or denial of the maternity or paternity.

对亲子关系有异议且有正当理由的，成年子女可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求确认亲子关系。

Where an objection to maternity or paternity is justifiably raised, a child of full age may institute an action in the people's court for determination of the maternity or paternity.

　　第一千零七十四条　有负担能力的祖父母、外祖父母，对于父母已经死亡或者父母无力抚养的未成年孙子女、外孙子女，有抚养的义务。

Article 1074 Paternal or maternal grandparents who can afford it shall have the duty to support their paternal or maternal grandchildren who are minors and whose parents are dead or have no means to support them.

有负担能力的孙子女、外孙子女，对于子女已经死亡或者子女无力赡养的祖父母、外祖父母，有赡养的义务。

Paternal or maternal grandchildren who can afford it shall have the duty to support their paternal or maternal grandparents whose children are dead or have no means to support them.

　　第一千零七十五条　有负担能力的兄、姐，对于父母已经死亡或者父母无力抚养的未成年弟、妹，有扶养的义务。

Article 1075 Elder brothers or sisters who can afford it shall have the duty to support their younger brothers or sisters who are minors if their parents are dead or have no means to support them.

由兄、姐扶养长大的有负担能力的弟、妹，对于缺乏劳动能力又缺乏生活来源的兄、姐，有扶养的义务。

Younger brothers or sisters who have been brought up by their elder brothers or sisters and can afford it shall have the duty to support their elder brothers or sisters who have lost the ability to work and have no source of income.

第四章　离婚

Chapter IV Divorce

　　第一千零七十六条　夫妻双方自愿离婚的，应当签订书面离婚协议，并亲自到婚姻登记机关申请离婚登记。

Article 1076 Where husband and wife both desire divorce, they shall sign a written divorce agreement and apply for divorce registration in person at the marriage registration authority for divorce registration.

离婚协议应当载明双方自愿离婚的意思表示和对子女抚养、财产以及债务处理等事项协商一致的意见。

The divorce agreement shall specify the declaration of will that divorce is desired by both parties and the consensus reached through consultation on matters such as support of children, disposition of property, and debt settlement.

　　第一千零七十七条　自婚姻登记机关收到离婚登记申请之日起三十日内，任何一方不愿意离婚的，可以向婚姻登记机关撤回离婚登记申请。

Article 1077 Where either spouse is unwilling to divorce, he or she may, within 30 days from the day on which the marriage registration authority receives the application for divorce registration, withdraw the application for divorce registration from the marriage registration authority.

前款规定期限届满后三十日内，双方应当亲自到婚姻登记机关申请发给离婚证；未申请的，视为撤回离婚登记申请。

Within 30 days after the expiration of the period as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, both parties shall apply for divorce certificates in person at the marriage registration authority. If no application is filed, the divorce registration application shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.

　　第一千零七十八条　婚姻登记机关查明双方确实是自愿离婚，并已经对子女抚养、财产以及债务处理等事项协商一致的，予以登记，发给离婚证。

Article 1078 The marriage registration authority shall, after finding that divorce is desired by both parties and they have reached a consensus through consultation on matters such as support of children, disposition of property, and debt settlement, grant registration and issue divorce certificates.

　　第一千零七十九条　夫妻一方要求离婚的，可以由有关组织进行调解或者直接向人民法院提起离婚诉讼。

Article 1079 Where one spouse alone desires a divorce, the organization concerned may carry out mediation, or the spouse may directly file a divorce action with the people's court.

人民法院审理离婚案件，应当进行调解；如果感情确已破裂，调解无效的，应当准予离婚。

The people's court shall carry out mediation when trying a divorce case. Where mediation fails because mutual affection no longer exists, a divorce shall be granted.

有下列情形之一，调解无效的，应当准予离婚：

A divorce shall be granted if mediation fails under any of the following circumstances:

（一）重婚或者与他人同居；

(1) Either spouse commits bigamy or cohabits with any third party.

（二）实施家庭暴力或者虐待、遗弃家庭成员；

(2) There is domestic violence, or maltreatment or desertion of any family member.

（三）有赌博、吸毒等恶习屡教不改；

(3) Either spouse has vicious habits of gambling or drug abuse, and remains incorrigible despite repeated admonition.

（四）因感情不和分居满二年；

(4) The spouses have been living separate and apart for up to two years due to incompatibility.

（五）其他导致夫妻感情破裂的情形。

(5) Other circumstances causing alienation of mutual affection.

一方被宣告失踪，另一方提起离婚诉讼的，应当准予离婚。

A divorce shall be granted if one spouse is declared absent and the other spouse thereby files an action for divorce.

经人民法院判决不准离婚后，双方又分居满一年，一方再次提起离婚诉讼的，应当准予离婚。

Where the spouses have been living separate and apart for another year after the people's court has ruled that a divorce is not granted, a divorce shall be granted if either spouse files a divorce action again.

　　第一千零八十条　完成离婚登记，或者离婚判决书、调解书生效，即解除婚姻关系。

Article 1080 The completion of divorce registration or the entry into force of the divorce decree or mediation decision shall be considered as the dissolution of marriage.

　　第一千零八十一条　现役军人的配偶要求离婚，应当征得军人同意，但是军人一方有重大过错的除外。

Article 1081 Where the spouse of a soldier in active service desires a divorce, the soldier's consent shall be obtained, unless the soldier commits a serious fault.

　　第一千零八十二条　女方在怀孕期间、分娩后一年内或者终止妊娠后六个月内，男方不得提出离婚；但是，女方提出离婚或者人民法院认为确有必要受理男方离婚请求的除外。

Article 1082 A husband may not apply for a divorce when his wife is pregnant, or within one year after his wife gives birth to a child, or within six months after his wife's termination of pregnancy, except if the wife applies for a divorce or the people's court deems it necessary to accept the divorce application made by the husband.

　　第一千零八十三条　离婚后，男女双方自愿恢复婚姻关系的，应当到婚姻登记机关重新进行结婚登记。

Article 1083 Where, after divorce, both parties desire to resume their marital relationship, they shall undergo the formalities for re-registration of marriage with the marriage registration authority.

　　第一千零八十四条　父母与子女间的关系，不因父母离婚而消除。离婚后，子女无论由父或者母直接抚养，仍是父母双方的子女。

Article 1084 The relationship between parents and children shall not come to an end with the parents' divorce. After divorce, regardless of whether the children are directly put in the custody of the father or the mother, they shall remain the children of both parents.

离婚后，父母对于子女仍有抚养、教育、保护的权利和义务。

After divorce, both parents shall still have the right and duty to support, educate and protect their children.

离婚后，不满两周岁的子女，以由母亲直接抚养为原则。已满两周岁的子女，父母双方对抚养问题协议不成的，由人民法院根据双方的具体情况，按照最有利于未成年子女的原则判决。子女已满八周岁的，应当尊重其真实意愿。

In principle, the mother shall have the custody of the children under two years of age after divorce. If the father and the mother fail to reach an agreement on the custody of their child who has reached two years of age, the people's court shall, in light of the specific circumstances of both parties, make a judgment in the best interest of the minor child. If the child has reached eight years of age, his or her true will shall be respected.

　　第一千零八十五条　离婚后，子女由一方直接抚养的，另一方应当负担部分或者全部抚养费。负担费用的多少和期限的长短，由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。

Article 1085 Where, after divorce, one party has custody of a child, the other party shall pay part or all of the child support. The two parties shall seek agreement regarding the amount and duration of such payment. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment.

前款规定的协议或者判决，不妨碍子女在必要时向父母任何一方提出超过协议或者判决原定数额的合理要求。

The agreement or judgment stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall not preclude the child from making a reasonable request, where necessary, to either parent for an amount exceeding what is decided upon in the said agreement or judgment.

　　第一千零八十六条　离婚后，不直接抚养子女的父或者母，有探望子女的权利，另一方有协助的义务。

Article 1086 After divorce, the father or the mother who does not have custody of his or her child shall have the right to visit the child, while the other party shall have the duty to provide assistance.

行使探望权利的方式、时间由当事人协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。

The parents shall reach an agreement about how and when to exercise the visitation right. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment.

父或者母探望子女，不利于子女身心健康的，由人民法院依法中止探望；中止的事由消失后，应当恢复探望。

Where the father or the mother visits his or her child to the detriment of the physical and mental health of the child, the people's court shall suspend the visit according to the law. After the cause of suspension disappears, the visit shall be resumed.

　　第一千零八十七条　离婚时，夫妻的共同财产由双方协议处理；协议不成的，由人民法院根据财产的具体情况，按照照顾子女、女方和无过错方权益的原则判决。

Article 1087 In the case of divorce, the community property shall be disposed of by the two parties upon agreement. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment in light of the actual circumstance of the property and under the principle of caring for the rights and interests of the child or children, the wife, and the no-fault party.

对夫或者妻在家庭土地承包经营中享有的权益等，应当依法予以保护。

The rights and interests enjoyed by the husband or wife in the operation of land subject to the usufruct on a household basis shall be protected according to the law.

　　第一千零八十八条　夫妻一方因抚育子女、照料老年人、协助另一方工作等负担较多义务的，离婚时有权向另一方请求补偿，另一方应当给予补偿。具体办法由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。

Article 1088 Where one of the spouses performs more duties in bringing up children, taking care of the elderly or assisting the other spouse in his or her work, that spouse shall have the right to claim compensation from the other spouse in the case of divorce, and the other spouse shall make compensation. The specific arrangements shall be agreed upon by both parties. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment.

　　第一千零八十九条　离婚时，夫妻共同债务应当共同偿还。共同财产不足清偿或者财产归各自所有的，由双方协议清偿；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。

Article 1089 In the case of divorce, the community debts incurred by the husband and wife shall be paid off jointly by them. If the community property is insufficient to pay off the debts or the items of the property are in their separate possession, the two parties shall work out an agreement on repayment. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment.

　　第一千零九十条　离婚时，如果一方生活困难，有负担能力的另一方应当给予适当帮助。具体办法由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。

Article 1090 Where, at the time of divorce, one party has difficulty in supporting himself or herself, the other party who can afford it shall render appropriate assistance. The specific arrangements shall be agreed upon by both parties. If they fail to reach an agreement, the people's court shall make a judgment.

　　第一千零九十一条　有下列情形之一，导致离婚的，无过错方有权请求损害赔偿：

Article 1091 Under any of the following circumstances which leads to a divorce, the no-fault party shall have the right to claim damages:

（一）重婚；

(1) Bigamy.

（二）与他人同居；

(2) Cohabitation of a married person with any third party.

（三）实施家庭暴力；

(3) Domestic violence.

（四）虐待、遗弃家庭成员；

(4) Maltreatment or desertion of any family member.

（五）有其他重大过错。

(5) Any other major fault.

　　第一千零九十二条　夫妻一方隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损、挥霍夫妻共同财产，或者伪造夫妻共同债务企图侵占另一方财产的，在离婚分割夫妻共同财产时，对该方可以少分或者不分。离婚后，另一方发现有上述行为的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求再次分割夫妻共同财产。

Article 1092 Where one of the spouses conceals, transfers, sells off, destroys or squanders community property, or fabricates their community debts in an attempt to encroach upon the other spouse's property, that spouse may, in the case of divorce, get a smaller or even no share of property in the partition of community property. If the other party discovers any of the aforementioned acts after divorce, he or she may institute an action in the people's court for repartitioning the community property.

第五章　收养

Chapter V Adoption

第一节　收养关系的成立

Section 1 Establishment of an Adoptive Relationship

　　第一千零九十三条　下列未成年人，可以被收养：

Article 1093 The following minors may be adopted:

（一）丧失父母的孤儿；

(1) Orphans bereaved of parents.

（二）查找不到生父母的未成年人；

(2) Minors whose natural parents cannot be ascertained or found.

（三）生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女。

(3) Children whose natural parents are unable to support them due to unusual difficulties.

　　第一千零九十四条　下列个人、组织可以作送养人：

Article 1094 The following individuals or organizations are entitled to place out children for adoption:

（一）孤儿的监护人；

(1) Guardians of an orphan.

（二）儿童福利机构；

(2) Child welfare institutions.

（三）有特殊困难无力抚养子女的生父母。

(3) Natural parents who are unable to support their children due to unusual difficulties.

　　第一千零九十五条　未成年人的父母均不具备完全民事行为能力且可能严重危害该未成年人的，该未成年人的监护人可以将其送养。

Article 1095 Where the parents of a minor are both persons without full capacity for civil conduct and may do serious harm to the minor, the guardian of the minor may place out the minor for adoption.

　　第一千零九十六条　监护人送养孤儿的，应当征得有抚养义务的人同意。有抚养义务的人不同意送养、监护人不愿意继续履行监护职责的，应当依照本法第一编的规定另行确定监护人。

Article 1096 Where a guardian intends to place out an orphan for adoption, the guardian shall obtain the consent of the person who has the duty to support the orphan. If the person who has the duty to support the orphan does not agree to place out the orphan for adoption and the guardian is unwilling to continue the performance of his or her guardianship, another guardian shall be otherwise appointed in accordance with Book One of this Code.

　　第一千零九十七条　生父母送养子女，应当双方共同送养。生父母一方不明或者查找不到的，可以单方送养。

Article 1097 Where the natural parents intend to place out their child for adoption, they shall act in concert. If one parent cannot be ascertained or found, the other parent may place out the child for adoption alone.

　　第一千零九十八条　收养人应当同时具备下列条件：

Article 1098 An adopter shall satisfy all of the following requirements:

（一）无子女或者只有一名子女；

(1) Having no children or only one child.

（二）有抚养、教育和保护被收养人的能力；

(2) Having the ability to support, educate and protect the adopted person.

（三）未患有在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病；

(3) Suffering from no such disease as is medically regarded as unfit for adopting a child.

（四）无不利于被收养人健康成长的违法犯罪记录；

(4) Having no illegal and criminal records detrimental to the healthy growth of the adopted person.

（五）年满三十周岁。

(5) Having reached 30 years of age.

　　第一千零九十九条　收养三代以内旁系同辈血亲的子女，可以不受本法第一千零九十三条第三项、第一千零九十四条第三项和第一千一百零二条规定的限制。

Article 1099 A person may adopt a child of a collateral relative by blood of the same generation and up to third degree of kinship, irrespective of the restrictions specified in subparagraph 3 of Article 1093, subparagraph 3 of Article 1094 and Article 1102 of this Code.

华侨收养三代以内旁系同辈血亲的子女，还可以不受本法第一千零九十八条第一项规定的限制。

An overseas Chinese, in adopting a child of a collateral relative by blood of the same generation and up to the third degree of kinship, is even not required to be subject to the provisions of subparagraph 1 of Article 1098 of this Code.

　　第一千一百条　无子女的收养人可以收养两名子女；有子女的收养人只能收养一名子女。

Article 1100 A childless adopter may adopt two children; an adopter with one child may adopt only one child.

收养孤儿、残疾未成年人或者儿童福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的未成年人，可以不受前款和本法第一千零九十八条第一项规定的限制。

Orphans, disabled minors or minors whose natural parents cannot be ascertained or found and who are under the care of a child welfare institution may be adopted irrespective of the restrictions specified in the preceding paragraph and subparagraph 1 of Article 1098 of this Code.

　　第一千一百零一条　有配偶者收养子女，应当夫妻共同收养。

Article 1101 Where a person with spouse intends to adopt a child, the husband and wife shall adopt the child in concert.

　　第一千一百零二条　无配偶者收养异性子女的，收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上。

Article 1102 Where a person without spouse intends to adopt a child of the opposite sex, the adopter shall be not less than 40 years older than the adopted child.

　　第一千一百零三条　继父或者继母经继子女的生父母同意，可以收养继子女，并可以不受本法第一千零九十三条第三项、第一千零九十四条第三项、第一千零九十八条和第一千一百条第一款规定的限制。

Article 1103 A stepfather or stepmother may adopt the stepchild with the consent of the natural parents of the stepchild, and is not required to be subject to the provisions of subparagraph 3 of Article 1093, subparagraph 3 of Article 1094, Article 1098, and paragraph 1 of Article 1100 of this Code.

　　第一千一百零四条　收养人收养与送养人送养，应当双方自愿。收养八周岁以上未成年人的，应当征得被收养人的同意。

Article 1104 Both adoption and the placing out of a child for adoption shall take place on a voluntary basis. In the case of adoption of a minor of eight years of age or over, the consent of the minor shall be obtained.

　　第一千一百零五条　收养应当向县级以上人民政府民政部门登记。收养关系自登记之日起成立。

Article 1105 The adoption shall be registered with the civil affairs department of the people's government at or above the county level. The adoptive relationship shall be established as of the date of registration.

收养查找不到生父母的未成年人的，办理登记的民政部门应当在登记前予以公告。

In the case of the adoption of a minor whose natural parents cannot be ascertained or found, the civil affairs department in charge of registration shall make it known to the general public before registration.

收养关系当事人愿意签订收养协议的，可以签订收养协议。

Where the parties involved in the adoptive relationship wish to enter into an adoption agreement, they may sign such an agreement.

收养关系当事人各方或者一方要求办理收养公证的，应当办理收养公证。

Where the parties or one party involved in the adoptive relationship demands that the adoption be notarized, the notarization shall be made accordingly.

县级以上人民政府民政部门应当依法进行收养评估。

The civil affairs department of the people's government at or above the county level shall evaluate the adoption in accordance with the law.

　　第一千一百零六条　收养关系成立后，公安机关应当按照国家有关规定为被收养人办理户口登记。

Article 1106 After an adoptive relationship is established, the public security organ shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions issued by the state, handle the household registration for the adopted person.

　　第一千一百零七条　孤儿或者生父母无力抚养的子女，可以由生父母的亲属、朋友抚养；抚养人与被抚养人的关系不适用本章规定。

Article 1107 Orphans or children whose natural parents are unable to support them may be supported by the relatives or friends of their natural parents. The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to the relationship between the supporter and the supported.

　　第一千一百零八条　配偶一方死亡，另一方送养未成年子女的，死亡一方的父母有优先抚养的权利。

Article 1108 Where a spouse places out a minor child for adoption after the death of the other spouse, the parents of the deceased spouse shall have priority in rearing the child.

　　第一千一百零九条　外国人依法可以在中华人民共和国收养子女。

Article 1109 A foreigner may, in accordance with the law, adopt a child in the People's Republic of China.

外国人在中华人民共和国收养子女，应当经其所在国主管机关依照该国法律审查同意。收养人应当提供由其所在国有权机构出具的有关其年龄、婚姻、职业、财产、健康、有无受过刑事处罚等状况的证明材料，并与送养人签订书面协议，亲自向省、自治区、直辖市人民政府民政部门登记。

The adoption by a foreigner of a child in the People's Republic of China shall be subject to examination and approval by the competent authorities of the country, in which the foreigner is domiciled, in accordance with the law of that country. The adopter shall provide the papers, as issued by the competent authorities of the country in which the adopter is domiciled, that certify his or her particulars such as age, marital status, profession, property, health and whether ever subjected to criminal punishment. The adopter shall sign a written agreement with the person who places out the child for adoption, and register in person the adoption with the civil affairs department of the people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.

前款规定的证明材料应当经收养人所在国外交机关或者外交机关授权的机构认证，并经中华人民共和国驻该国使领馆认证，但是国家另有规定的除外。

The certifying papers as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be subject to the authentication by the foreign affairs organ of the country in which the adopter is domiciled or by an agency authorized by the said organ, and the authentication by the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China stationed in that country, except as otherwise provided by the state.

　　第一千一百一十条　收养人、送养人要求保守收养秘密的，其他人应当尊重其意愿，不得泄露。

Article 1110 Where the adopter and the person placing out the child for adoption wish to keep the adoption confidential, others shall respect their wish and shall not make a disclosure thereof.

第二节　收养的效力

Section 2 Validity of Adoption

　　第一千一百一十一条　自收养关系成立之日起，养父母与养子女间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于父母子女关系的规定；养子女与养父母的近亲属间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于子女与父母的近亲属关系的规定。

Article 1111 As of the date of establishment of the adoptive relationship, the provisions governing the relationship between parents and children as set out in this Code shall apply to the rights and duties between adoptive parents and adopted children; the provisions governing the relationship between children and close relatives of their parents as set out in this Code shall apply to the rights and duties between adopted children and close relatives of the adoptive parents.

养子女与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系，因收养关系的成立而消除。

The rights and duties between an adopted child and his or her natural parents and other close relatives shall terminate with the establishment of the adoptive relationship.

　　第一千一百一十二条　养子女可以随养父或者养母的姓氏，经当事人协商一致，也可以保留原姓氏。

Article 1112 An adopted child may adopt the surname of his or her adoptive father or adoptive mother, or retain his or her original surname, if so agreed through consultation between the parties concerned.

　　第一千一百一十三条　有本法第一编关于民事法律行为无效规定情形或者违反本编规定的收养行为无效。

Article 1113 Any act of adoption that involves the circumstances under which a juridical act is void as stipulated in Book One of this Code or that violates the provisions of this Book shall be void.

无效的收养行为自始没有法律约束力。

A void adoption is not legally binding from the outset.

第三节　收养关系的解除

Section 3 Termination of an Adoptive Relationship

　　第一千一百一十四条　收养人在被收养人成年以前，不得解除收养关系，但是收养人、送养人双方协议解除的除外。养子女八周岁以上的，应当征得本人同意。

Article 1114 No adopter may terminate the adoptive relationship before the adopted child comes of age, unless the adopter and the person having placed out the child for adoption agree to terminate such relationship. If the adopted child involved has reached eight years of age, his or her consent shall be obtained.

收养人不履行抚养义务，有虐待、遗弃等侵害未成年养子女合法权益行为的，送养人有权要求解除养父母与养子女间的收养关系。送养人、收养人不能达成解除收养关系协议的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼。

Where an adopter fails to perform the duty to support the adopted child or commits maltreatment, desertion or other acts of encroachment upon the lawful rights and interests of the minor adopted child, the person having placed out the child for adoption shall have the right to demand termination of the adoptive relationship. Where the person having placed out the child for adoption and the adopter fail to reach an agreement thereon, an action may be instituted in the people's court.

　　第一千一百一十五条　养父母与成年养子女关系恶化、无法共同生活的，可以协议解除收养关系。不能达成协议的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼。

Article 1115 Where the relationship between the adoptive parents and an adopted child of full age deteriorates to such an extent that their living together in the same household becomes impossible, they may terminate the adoptive relationship by agreement. If they fail to reach an agreement, they may institute an action in the people's court.

　　第一千一百一十六条　当事人协议解除收养关系的，应当到民政部门办理解除收养关系登记。

Article 1116 Where the parties agree to terminate the adoptive relationship, they shall register the termination of the adoptive relationship with the civil affairs department.

　　第一千一百一十七条　收养关系解除后，养子女与养父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系即行消除，与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系自行恢复。但是，成年养子女与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系是否恢复，可以协商确定。

Article 1117 Upon termination of an adoptive relationship, the rights and duties between the adopted child and his or her adoptive parents and their close relatives shall terminate accordingly, while the rights and duties between the child and his or her natural parents and their close relatives shall be restored automatically; however, whether to restore the rights and duties between an adopted child of full age and his or her natural parents and their close relatives may be determined through consultation.

　　第一千一百一十八条　收养关系解除后，经养父母抚养的成年养子女，对缺乏劳动能力又缺乏生活来源的养父母，应当给付生活费。因养子女成年后虐待、遗弃养父母而解除收养关系的，养父母可以要求养子女补偿收养期间支出的抚养费。

Article 1118 Upon termination of an adoptive relationship, an adopted child of full age who has been reared by his or her adoptive parents shall pay the living expenses to his or her adoptive parents who have lost ability to work and have no source of income. If the adoptive relationship is terminated on account of the maltreatment or desertion of the adoptive parents by the adopted child of full age, the adoptive parents may demand compensation from the adopted child for the child support incurred during the adoption.

生父母要求解除收养关系的，养父母可以要求生父母适当补偿收养期间支出的抚养费；但是，因养父母虐待、遗弃养子女而解除收养关系的除外。

Where the natural parents of an adopted child request the termination of the adoptive relationship, the adoptive parents may demand appropriate compensation from the natural parents for the child support incurred during the adoption, except if the adoptive relationship is terminated on account of the maltreatment or desertion of the adopted child by the adoptive parents.

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