Rule 1: when showing error bars, always describe in the figure legends what they are. 规则1：当显示误差条时，一定要在图例中描述清楚使用的是什么误差条。

Rule 2: the value of n (i.e., the sample size, or the number of independently performed experiments) must be stated in the figure legend. 规则2：必须在图例中说明n的值（即样本大小或独立实验的数量）

Rule 3: error bars and statistics should only be shown for independently repeated experiments, and never for replicates. If a "representative" experiment is shown, it should not have error bars or P value, because in such an experiments, n = 1. 规则3：只有独立重复的实验才能画误差条和统计检验，重复试验不能显示误差条和统计数据。如果只显示一个代表性的实验，它不应该有误差条或p值，因为在这个实验中,n=1。

Rule 4: because experimental biologists are usually trying to compare experimental results with controls, it is usually appropriate to show inferential error bars, such as SE or CI, rather than SD. However, if n is very small (for example n = 3), rather than showing error bars and statistics, it is better to simply plot the individual data points. 规则4：将实验结果与对照组比较时，通常使用推理误差条，即SE或CI，而不是SD。但是，当n非常小时（例如n=3），与其显示误差条和统计数据，不如简单地绘制单个数据点。

Rule 5: 95% CIs capture μ on 95% of occasions, so you can be 95% confident your interval includes μ. SE bars can be doubled in width to get the approximate 95% CI, provided n is 10 or more. If n = 3, SE bars must be multiplied by 4 to get the approximate 95% CI. 规则5:95%的置信区间有95%概率确定的区间包含μ。如果n为10或更大，则可以将SE条的宽度加倍以获得大约95%的CI。如果n=3，则SE条必须乘以4才能得到大约95%的CI。

Rule 6: when n = 3, and double the SE bars don’t overlap, P < 0.05, and if double the SE bars just touch, P is close to 0.05. If n is 10 or more, a gap of SE indicates P ≈ 0.05 and a gap of 2 SE indicates P ≈ 0.01. 规则6：当n=3时，两倍SE条不重叠，p