定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在书面表达中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。定语从句可分为限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。

常见考点：

1. 指物时只用that或which的情况

2. 介词+关系代词

3. whose的用法及转换形式

4. as与which的区别

5. 指人时that与who的区别

6. 如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词

7. 定语从句的主谓一致问题

一、定语从句的概念

    在复合句中，修饰前面的某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语（也就是形容词）的作用。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）或关系副词(where, when, why)。如：

The man who lives next to us is a policeman.

先行词 关系代词

二、关系代词和关系副词的用法

关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句，代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表：

词例

先行词

充当成分

例句

关

系

代

词

who

人

主语

This is the   doctor who saved my life. 这就是那个救了我生命的医生。

whom

人

宾语

She is the new   student (whom) I want to tell to   you. 她就是那个我想告诉你的新学生。

that

人、物

主语、宾语

Football is a   game that is liked by many people.   足球是一项许多人都喜爱的项目。

The man (that) you met just now is my   friend. 你刚刚碰到的那个人是我的朋友。

which

物

主语、宾语

Please pass me   the book which is lying on the   table. 请把桌上的那本书递给我。

The novel (which) Tom bought is very   interesting. 汤姆买的那本小说很有趣。

as

物

主语、宾语

The earth, as is known to all, is round. 众所周知，地球是圆的。

whose=of whom   /of which

人、物

定语

The professor whose daughter teaches you english is Dr. Williams. 他是威廉姆斯教授，他的女儿教你英语。

关

系

副

词

when=at/in/on   /during which

时间

状语

We will never   forget the day when the People’s   Republic of China was founded. 我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的日子。

where=at/in/to   which

地点

状语

This is the   house where he lived. 这是他住过的房子。

why=for which

原因

状语

I know the   reason why she works so well.   我知道她为何工作出色的原因。

三、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别

限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句

从句与先行词的关系

从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确

从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚或完整

标点符号

从句与主句之间不用逗号分开

从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开

关系代词

指人用who/whom/that

指人用who(作主语)/whom(作宾语)

指物用which/that

指物用which

指人和物用whose

指人和物用whose

关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略

关系代词一般不可省略

修饰

从句只修饰一个名词或代词

可以修饰一个词，也可修饰整个主句

翻译

定语从句通常译成被修饰语的前置定语(先翻译从句再翻译先行词)

定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子

四、关系代词的选用

1. 只能用that作关系代词的情况

说明

例句

1

当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时(something除外)

Pay attention to   everything that I do. 注意我所做的一切。

2

当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时

He has little   time that he can spare. 他几乎抽不出一点时间。

3

当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时

This is the best   novel (that) I have read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。

4

如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时

They were   talking about the person and things that they remembered in school. 他们正在谈论他们记得的在中学里的人和事。

5

当先行词被the only, the last, the very, the same等等修饰时

This is the last   time that I want to see you. 这是最后一次我想见到你。

6

当疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用that

Which of the   students that knows something about history? 了解历史的学生是哪一位?

7

当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能用that，也可以省略

This is the   fastest train (that) there is to Beijing. 这是去北京最快的火车。

8

当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，关系代词只能用that，也可以省略

China is not the   country (that) it was. 中国不是以前的中国了。

2. 指物只能用which不用that的情况

说明

例句

1

在非限定性定语从句中

St. Petersburg, which   was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city. 圣彼得堡是一座非常美丽的城市，它曾被称作“列宁格勒”。

2

在介词后面

This is the room   in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年住的那个屋子。

3. 指人时只能用who不用that的情况

说明

例句

先行词为one, ones, those, anyone, he时

Those who break   the law must be punished. 那些违反法律的人必须受到惩罚。

4. as与which

    as与which均可引导非限定性定语从句，有时可以互换，但也存在区别

说明

例句

与such或the same连用时，一般用as

Such money as he   earned was spent on books. 他挣得那些钱被花在了买书上。

as引导的从句可以放在句首，as表“正如……”之意

As we all know,   the earth is round. 正如我们所知道的，地球是圆的。

当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态

She has been   absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。

当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which

My parents treat   me as a baby, which I can’t bear. 我父母常常把我当小孩看，这是我难以忍受的。

5. 定语从句中的主谓一致

定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。如：

Don’t choose me, who am not fit for the job. 别选我，我不适合这份工作。

考点练透

一、单句填空 请用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。

1. Because of my poor memory, all __________ you told me has been forgotten.

2. Do you remember those days __________ we spent along the seashore very happily?

3. Those __________ want to go please sign their names here.

4. Who is the woman __________ is sweeping the floor over there?

5. The man __________ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbor.

6. Finally, the thief handed over everything __________ he had stolen to the police.

7. This is the very letter __________ came last night.

8. This is the factory __________ we worked a year ago.

9. Jack is pleased with what you have given him and all __________ you have told him.

10. Do you work near the building __________ color is yellow?

11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, __________ came as a surprise.

12. I live in the house __________ windows face south.

13. They stayed with me three weeks, __________ they drank all the wine I had.

14. The room __________ Mr. White lives is not very large.

15. I have finished writing the novel, __________ is to be published next month.

16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, __________ was unexpected.

17. The old man had three sons, all of __________ died during the World War Ⅱ.

18. I have bought two pens, both of __________ write well.

19. Do you know the reason __________ she has changed her mind?

20. He failed in the exam, __________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.

21. __________ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.

22. We should read such books __________ will make us better and wiser.

23. He is absent, __________ is often the case.

24. It is the first time __________ I have come to your city.

25. Who __________ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.

26. I shall never forget those days __________ I lived in the country with the farmers, __________ has a great effect on my life.

27. This is the only book __________ I can find.

28. This is the only one of the students __________ handwriting is the best.

29. You must show your wife the same respect __________ you show me.

30. This is the professor __________ taught me chemistry in 1980.

二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

You have heard about tea’s health benefits, but not all the news    1    (be) good. The latest study, led by Farhad Islami, from the American Cancer Society, has found that    2    (drink) too hot tea may double your risk of esophagus (食道) cancer.

While previous studies have found a link    3    hot drinks and this type of cancer, this is the first study to    4    (accurate) figure out the temperature at which a hot liquid becomes risky. Dr Islami and his colleagues find that the constant damage of stomach    5    (cause) by swallowing the hot liquids may speed up the growth of cancer. While the    6    (result) are unsettling, it may help to know that out of the more than 49,000 tea drinkers in    7    study, only 317 developed esophagus cancer. In other words, the overall risk is still small.

The study has also showed that although black and green teas have antioxidants (抗氧化剂)    8    can help reduce cancer risk, there are other unknown compounds (化合物) in the teas that may have a harmful effect on your body when they    9    (make) too hot. Before drinking hot teas,    10    is wise to wait until they cool down.

参考答案

考点练透

一、单句填空

1. that  2. which/that  3. who  4. that  5. with whom  6. that  7. that  8. where  9. that  10. whose  11. which  12. whose  13. during which  14. where / in which  15. which  16. which  17. whom  18. which  19. why  20. which  21. As  22. as  23. as  24. that  25. that  26. when; which  27. that  28. whose  29. as  30. who/that

二、语法填空

本文主要介绍了一项关于喝太热的茶会增加患癌风险的科学研究。

1. is  考查时态及主谓一致。由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时；又因news是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数，故填is。

2. drinking  考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，宾语从句中缺少主语，此处表示习惯性的抽象行为，应用动名词作主语，故填drinking。

3. between  考查介词。因a link between A and B意为“A和B之间的联系”。

4. accurately  考查词类转换。修饰动词短语figure out作状语，用副词。

5. caused  考查非谓语动词。因句中已有谓语动词may speed up，cause应为非谓语动词；又由stomach与cause是被动关系，加之由by提示，故用过去分词短语作后置定语。

6. results  考查名词的数。由谓语动词are可知，主语应为是复数，故填results。

7. the  考查冠词。这里特指前文提到的那项科学研究，故用定冠词the。

8. that/which  考查连词。引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是antioxidants(抗氧化剂)，指物，故填which或that。

9. are made  考查动词语态。因they(compounds)与make之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；由上下文语境可知用一般现在时，主语they是复数，故填are made。

10. it  考查代词。由句子结构可知，这里缺少一个形式主语，故填it，构成“it is adj. to do sth.”。