这篇综述文章首先介绍了水凝胶，并进行了广泛的文献调查，涵盖了不同的合成模式，包括高能辐射方法。之后，论文根据水凝胶的来源、合成方法、存在的交联类型和结合基团上的离子电荷对水凝胶进行了广泛的分类。还研究了另一种高级类别响应触发水凝胶，包括 pH、温度、电、光和基质响应水凝胶。

所发表的论文总结了不同种类水凝胶的化学结构、性质和合成。主要重点是制备高吸水剂，例如：半互穿网络（semi-IPNs）、互穿网络（IPNs ）和交联二元接枝共聚物（BGCPs ）。生物基水凝胶机械性能差、易降解限制了其在生物医学领域的应用。它们的性能可以通过不同的化学和物理方法来改善。当前的研究论文中也讨论了这些方法。此外，它还包括开发水凝胶作为受控药物输送装置、作为植入物和生物材料来替代出现故障的身体部位，以及它们在文献中列出的其他几种应用中的使用。

还对水凝胶在生物医学、纳米生物技术、组织工程、药物输送和农业等不同领域的应用进行了文献调查。

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The review paper starts with the introduction to hydrogels along with broad literature survey covering different modes of synthesis including high energy radiation methods. After that, paper covered broad classification of the hydrogels depending upon the basis of their source of origin, method of synthesis, type of cross-linking present and ionic charges on bound groups. Another advanced category response triggered hydrogels, which includes pH, temperature, electro, and light and substrate responsive hydrogels was also studied.

Presented paper summarises chemical structure, properties, and synthesis of different kinds of hydrogels. Main focus was given to the preparation super absorbents such as: Semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPNs), Interpenetrating networks (IPNs) and cross-linked binary graft copolymers (BGCPs). The weak mechanical properties and easy degradation limit the uses of bio-based -hydrogels in biomedical field. Their properties can be improved through different chemical and physical methods. These methods were also discussed in the current research paper. Also, it includes development of hydrogels as controlled drug delivery devices, as implants and biomaterials to replace malfunctioned body parts along with their use in several other applications listed in the literature.

Literature survey on the application of hydrogels in different fields like biomedical, nano-biotechnology, tissue engineering, drug delivery and agriculture was also carried out.