Carbon emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the construction of ecological civilization in the new era. Carbon emission is closely related to regional spatial location. In order to better promote carbon peak and carbon emission reduction, regional differences and trend analysis of carbon emission influencing factors have become the focus of carbon emission reduction analysis. Through the geographically weighted regression method, the impact of population factors, energy consumption and urbanization construction and development on the carbon emission in 30 provinces of China from 2007 to 2017 were studied, and then the correlation between carbon emission and regional socioeconomic development was revealed. The results showed that the spatial aggregation of carbon emissions was strong, and the spatial distribution patterns of various influencing factors were quite different. Among them, the increase of total power consumption and total fossil energy consumption had the greatest positive impact on carbon emissions, and population size also had a certain positive role in promoting carbon emissions. The total consumption of urban public vehicles and main building materials had no significant impact on carbon emissions, showing an unstable positive and negative correlation. Some suggestions were provided for China's carbon emission reduction, including adjusting the energy consumption structure, further improving clean energy technology innovation, integrating urbanization and carbon emission reduction in stages, and increasing the support for green consumption, green building, and green travel.