《自然的音符：118种化学元素的故事》由Nature科研译自《自然-化学》（Nature Chemistry）In Your Element专栏。是所有图书中为数不多的，覆盖当前全部已发现的118种化学元素的科普图书，每一种元素都是邀请世界上对它研究最为深入的科学家之一撰写，专业权威，生动有趣。适合中学生及以上所有对化学元素感兴趣的读者阅读。本书由Nature Chemistry高级编辑作序。

序 Preface 《自然-化学》（Nature Chemistry） 从2009年4月的创刊号开始，十 年以来每期的最后一页都属于“In Your Element”这个专栏，该专栏 每期介绍一种化学元素——这些元 素就像积木块一样构成了我们周围 的一切物质。目前已知的元素有 118种，另外我们也介绍了两种相 当特别的氢同位素：氘和氚。这就 是说，该专栏开办了整整10年，延 续120期，并刚好在2019年3月 正式结束，恰逢国际元素周期表年 （https://www.iypt2019.org/）——旨 在纪念德米特里·门捷列夫（Dmitri Mendeleev）早期版本的元素周期 Starting in the inaugural issue of Nature Chemistry in April 2009 and throughout its first ten years, the last page of each month’s journal was occupied by the ‘In Your Element’ (IYE) column, which explored – one element at a time – the building blocks that make up everything around us. There are currently 118 known elements, and we also included the two rather special isotopes of hydrogen: deuterium and tritium. This means that the IYE feature happened to run for exactly ten years, spanning 120 issues of the journal. With fortuitous timing, it came to an end in March 2019 during the International Year of the Periodic Table (https://www. iypt2019.org/), which celebrates II 自然的音符：118种化学元素的故事 表问世150周年，元素周期表大概 已成为化学最普遍的象征之一。 本书是该专栏120篇文章的合 集。起初，这些文章并无固定模式， 只是为了分享元素的故事，既增长 见识，又寓教于乐。这些文章粹集 了各种珍闻片段，包括元素的历史 记述、词源学意义、化学特性和相 关的个人轶事等。一路走来，我们 也了解到很多关于元素周期表及其 内容的知识，所获匪浅。 元素周期表看起来相对简单， 所有的元素都按原子序数递增排列， 排列有序的行和列反映了元素化学 性质的相似性和递变趋势。今天人 们或许很容易认为元素周期表理当 如此。然而，这张我们都熟悉的表 格却是由众多科学家煞费苦心、几 经努力才完成的。尽管门捷列夫被 普遍认为是元素周期表的缔造者， 但发现元素物理或化学性质的周期 性，并试图以具有科学意义的方式 排列它们的还有其他人，门捷列夫 甚至不是第一个这样做的人。但是 他在1869年提出的元素周期表有 其独特之处：在列入当时已知的63 种元素之外，他还为一些他认为已 the 150th anniversary of Dmitri Mendeleev’s early version of the chart that would become one of the most ubiquitous emblems of chemistry. This book is the collection of these 120 IYE essays. From the very beginning there was no set formula for these articles; they were simply intended to be informative and entertaining stories about an element. They gather together a wide variety of snippets, ranging from historical and etymological accounts to chemical characteristics to personal anecdotes, and we have learnt a great deal about the periodic table, and its content, along the way. With its relatively simple appearance – all of the elements catalogued in order of increasing atomic number, arranged in neat rows and columns that reflect similarities and trends in their behaviour – it’s perhaps easy today to take the periodic table for granted. Yet the familiar chart has been painstakingly shaped by the work of many scientists. Although Mendeleev is widely recognized as the creator of the periodic table, he wasn’t the only one – or even the first one – to have noticed a periodicity in the elements’ physical or chemical behaviour, and to attempt to arrange them in a III 序 / Preface 存在但尚未被发现的元素留了空位。 其中一些“缺失”的元素确实在几 年之内被陆续发现，其特性与门捷 列夫在排列它们的位置时所预测的 非常相近，这极大地增加了他所提 出的元素周期排列方式的可信度。 然而，填补最后一个元素空位花了 近70年的时间，而且是以一种完全 不同的元素发现方式完成的：位于 元素周期表d区中间的高放射性元 素锝并不是在自然界中发现的，而 是1937年经人工合成制得并最终 获得确认。 有些元素被发现后最初曾难以 归类，这推动了元素周期表的扩展。 例如，氪、氖和氙等稀有气体在短 短几周内相继被发现，但在门捷列 夫的周期表上却好些年没有它们的 位置，直到1902年，人们才扫清 疑惑将它们列入表中。另一个重大 调整发生在20世纪40年代中期， 格伦·西博格（Glenn Seaborg）将 锕系元素的位置移到镧系元素下面， 这次重排引导科学家们发现了铀之 后的元素。 我们所熟悉的元素周期表并非 一成不变。我们专栏的文章曾讲述 manner that made scientific sense. But his 1869 version exhibited noteworthy features: it included all the 63 then-known elements as well as several gaps for elements that he believed existed but hadn’t yet been discovered. Some of those ‘missing’ elements did indeed turn up within a matter of years – and exhibited properties that closely matched the ones Mendeleev had predicted based on their location in the table, lending great credibility to his periodic placement. It would take nearly 7 decades, however, to fill the last of his blank tiles, in a manner that would represent a fundamental departure in element discovery: rather than being found in nature, technetium – a highly radioactive element in the middle of the d- block – was created artificially and finally identified in 1937. The discovery of some other elements initially caused classification problems, and prompted expansions of the table. The noble gases for example – of which krypton, neon and xenon were discovered within just weeks of each other – had no place on Mendeleev’s chart for several puzzling years until they were finally given their own column in 1902. Another major adjustment came in the mid-1940s when Glenn Seaborg moved the actinide series 自然的音符：118种化学元素的故事 人们如何就第3副族元素的排列展 开了持续不断的争论——镧和锕， 或者镥和铹是否应位于钪和钇之 下？铹可否被认为是p区元素？ 稀土的发现可谓趣事连连（虽 然名中带“稀”，但在地壳中其实并 不那么稀有，其中最常见的稀土元 素铈的储量几乎和铜一样丰富）。约 翰·加多林（Johan Gadolin）曾猜 测有一种新元素存在，却因为担心 稀土元素会“越来越多”，而不愿意 承认，该元素现被称为钆。1843年， 卡尔·莫桑德（Carl Mosander）为 了寻找两种新元素，对氧化铒和氧 化铽进行了分析，但是因为失误而 混淆了两种矿物的样本，“阴差阳错” 地导致他从氧化铽中分离出了铒， 从氧化铒中分离出了铽，后来两种 矿物的名称才被更换过来。 专栏的文章也经常引经据典。 例如，使用“既是诅咒，也是祝 福”来形容镝元素，这是借用《茶 花女》中有关爱情的描述；节选鲁 德亚德·吉卜林（Rudyard Kipling） 《冷铁》一诗的段落；引用儒勒·凡 尔纳（Jules Verne）的著作——他 在书中曾预见将水“分解成它的组 below that of the lanthanides; this placement would guide scientists to the discovery of elements beyond uranium. The table as we know it is still not set in stone. The IYE essays tell of an on-going debate on the occupancy of group 3 – should lanthanum and actinium, or lutetium and lawrencium, sit below scandium and yttrium? Can lawrencium even be considered a p-block element? The rare earths proved to be a trove of discovery quirks (despite their name these elements aren’t all that rare in the Earth’s crust; the most common one, cerium, is nearly as abundant as copper). Johan Gadolin, for example, guessed the existence of a new element, albeit reluctantly as he feared the rare earths were ‘becoming far too numerous’ – this very element is now known as gadolinium. A blunder caused some confusion between two minerals: in 1843 Carl Mosander analysed erbia and terbia in search of two new elements. A mix-up in his samples, however, meant that he had isolated erbium from terbia and terbium from erbia; the minerals’ names were subsequently swapped. The IYE essays also feature poetic passages: a description of dysprosium – a curse and a blessing – that is borrowed from 序 / Preface 成元素”作为燃料使用，还赞扬了 曾经一度比黄金还珍贵的轻金属铝。 很多有关p区元素的描述会让 人不寒而栗，因为这些元素显然具 有毒性，其早期使用受到了限制， 如火柴中的磷导致工人发生“磷毒 性颌骨坏死”，汞会引起现被称为 “疯帽病”的神经紊乱，还有就是铅 化合物（如“铅糖”）被广泛地使用。 相比之下，铋由于毒性较低，在重 金属中显得有些格格不入。然而， 在铋的左边，只隔了一个主族的同 一周期的铊，却是号称“茶杯投毒 者” （teacup poisoner）的英国连环 杀手的首选武器，或许这一元素本 不应该被发现。 一些会发光的放射性元素既诱 人也很危险。镭最初被称作一种神 奇的元素，被撒到各种东西里面， 包括水、食物、化妆品等（大概是 由于它阴差阳错地能使皮肤焕发光 彩的缘故）。现在，放射性元素已可 以安全地用于各种用途，从原子钟 到地质年代测定等。出乎意料的是， 有些还可以轻易买到，比如烟雾探 测器中使用的镅元素和无电池冷光 装置中的氚元素。 that of love in La Traviata; a stanza from a poem by Rudyard Kipling entitled 'Cold iron'; and excerpts from Jules Verne’s books in which he had foreseen the use of water as a fuel ‘decomposed into its primitive elements’, and written in praise of aluminium – a light metal that was once more precious than gold. There are quite a few unnerving accounts of early uses of p-block elements that were curbed when toxicity issues became painfully obvious: phosphorus in matches that plagued workers with a bone necrosis called ‘phossy jaw’; mercury causing the neurological disorder now known as ‘mad hatter’ disease; the ubiquitous use of lead compounds (including one dubbed ‘lead sugar’). In contrast, bismuth is a bit of an oddity among the heavy metals owing to its low toxicity. Only two tiles to the left, though, sits thallium – the weapon of choice of an English serial killer nicknamed the ‘teacup poisoner’, and an element that should perhaps have remained altogether undiscovered. A number of glowing, radioactive elements also proved dangerously alluring. Initially purported to be a wonder element, radium used to be sprinkled into everything from water to food to cosmetics (presumably making skin glow for all the wrong reasons). 自然的音符：118种化学元素的故事 一些重元素的发现充满了争 议。这些争议是如此激烈，甚至被 称为“超镄元素战争”（transfer- mium wars），为此还成立了特 别委员会——超镄元素工作组 （Transfermium Working Group）， 去裁决争端和名称归属。那些在元 素周期表右下角的元素，在完全正 常的条件下，可以通过让原子核相 互撞击以诱导其短暂现身，这需要 使用看似直接出自科幻小说的装备， 以及极大的耐心。除了镄之外，原 子核无法以可称重的数量制备。但 科学家们并没有就此放弃，而是研 发了特殊的实验技术，例如“一次 一个原子”化学（one-atom-at-a-time chemistry）。元素搜寻者们目前正 在精心制作更重的原子核，他们在 人工合成方面的任何成功都将显著 改变元素周期表的形状，因为现在 元素周期表的7行相似元素已没有 任何空白可填了。 再看元素周期表的另一端，有 些元素实际上已经存在了很久。例 如，氢和氦在宇宙大爆炸后大约38 万年便出现了。氧在生命的起源和 演化中起着关键的作用，氮则在多 Radioactive elements now safely serve a variety of purposes from atomic clocks to geological dating. Some can also be purchased surprisingly easily: americium in smoke detectors and tritium in battery-free luminescent gadgets. The stories of some of the heavier elements are replete with discovery disputes. The controversies were so fierce that they are referred to as ‘transfermium wars’ and a special committee, the Transfermium Working Group, was created to adjudicate claims and attribute names. Those elements at the bottom right corner of the periodic table can – under exactly the right conditions, using equipment that seem straight out of science fiction, and with a lot of patience – be coaxed into fleeting existence by smashing nuclei into each other. Beyond fermium, nuclei cannot be prepared in weighable quantities. Undeterred, scientists have developed special experimental techniques: there is such a thing as one-atom-at-a-time chemistry. Element hunters are currently working on crafting ever heavier nuclei; any synthetic success will prompt a noticeable change in the shape of the periodic table, as there are no blank tiles left on its seven familiar rows. At the other end of the spectrum 序 / Preface 数情况下攸关生死。镍、铁和硫被 认为是早期生命形式所使用的物质， 而今天大多数生物则依赖铁元素。 另一种过渡金属铱，其氧化态范围 恰巧是已知最广的（从–3价到+9 价），它能为寻找恐龙灭绝的原因提 供线索。 专栏的文章展现了元素周期表 的深度和广度，我们非常感谢多年 来为专栏写稿的所有作者。我们十 分喜欢这个专栏，希望你也一样。 安妮·碧尚博士 《自然-化学》高级编辑 there are elements that have essentially been around for ever. Hydrogen and helium, for example, appeared only around 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Oxygen played a key role in the origin and evolution of life and nitrogen is intimately implicated in most matters of life and death. Nickel, iron and sulfur are thought to have been used by early forms of life; today most living organisms rely on iron. Another transition metal, iridium – which incidentally adopts the widest known range of oxidation states (from .3 to +9) – can provide clues as to why the dinosaurs died out. The IYE articles have reflected the depth and breadth of the periodic table, and we are extremely grateful to all the writers who have contributed to this feature over the years. We have thoroughly enjoyed it, and we hope you do too. Dr. Anne Pichon Senior Editor, Nature Chemistry 注：本序言主要基于2019年3 月《自然-化学》杂志发表的题为 《一个元素时代的终结》的社论。 Note: this preface is largely based on the editorial published in the March 2019 issue of Nature Chemistry, entitled ‘End of an elemental era’.

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