为了预测未来的气候变化及其相应的环境和社会影响，了解青藏高原（TP）过去气候变化的时空格局至关重要。尽管整个青藏高原已经开发了许多关于全新世晚期气候变化的记录，但温度和降水/水分变化的时空模式尚不清楚，迫切需要对该主题进行全面回顾。在这里，我们使用当前可用的整个 TP 的温度和降水/水分记录来展示这样的综合，以了解过去两千年的空间和时间变化。主要结论如下： 1) 青藏高原近2000年来温度变化不均匀，具有较强的季节性。. 尽管过去两千年中青藏高原年平均气温变化模式仍然相互矛盾，但夏季气温变化总体上是一致的。夏季温度重建表明，过去两千年中最温暖的时期是在中世纪，而不是最近的 20 世纪。2) 青藏高原降水/水分格局空间复杂。最显着的特征是，在公元 600-1400 年和公元 1400-1900 年之间，青藏高原大部分地区都可以检测到降水/水分变化的逆模式。具体而言, 高原东部、高原西南部和高原东北部部分地区普遍湿润, 而高原东南部、高原南部、高原西北部和东北部部分地区在公元 600~1400 年普遍较干旱。公元 1400-1900 年。然而，在公元 1-600 年的寒冷时期或上个世纪当前的温暖时期都没有发现这种反阶段的水文气候变化。这表明温度和降水/湿度变化出现在多种组合中。3) 青藏高原西风带和印度夏季风 (ISM) 强度和季节性运动的波动，以及相关的气候变率模式（例如，北大西洋涛动（NAO）、印度洋偶极子（IOD）、 ENSO和热带辐合带（ITCZ））可能是过去2000年青藏高原气候异常空间复杂格局的原因。4）结果强调需要在过去两千年对青藏高原进行更多高质量的古气候和古环境重建。这种重建必须具有明确的气候意义、明确的季节性、特定地点的校准和可靠的测年。

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In order to project future changes in climate and their corresponding environmental and social impacts, it is of utmost importance to understand the spatiotemporal patterns of past climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Although numerous records of late Holocene climate changes have been developed across the TP, the spatiotemporal patterns of changes in temperature and precipitation/moisture are unclear and a comprehensive review of this topic is urgently needed. Here, we present such a synthesis using currently available temperature and precipitation/moisture records from across the TP to understand spatial and temporal variations over the past two millennia. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Temperature variations on the TP during the past two millennia are not homogeneous and show strong seasonality. Although patterns of mean annual temperature change on the TP during the past two millennia remain contradictory, summer temperature variations are generally consistent. The summer temperature reconstructions indicate that the warmest period during the past two millennia was in the middle ages, as opposed to the recent 20th century. 2) Precipitation/moisture patterns on the TP are spatially complex. The most striking feature is that an inverse pattern of precipitation/moisture variation can be detected over most parts of the TP between 600-1400 AD and 1400-1900 AD. Specifically, the eastern TP, southwestern TP, and part of the northeastern TP were generally wetter, whereas the southeastern TP, the southern TP, the northwestern TP, and part of the northeastern TP were generally drier during 600–1400 AD as compared to during 1400–1900 AD. However, such anti-phased hydroclimatic variability is not found in either the cold period of 1–600 AD or in the current warm period of the past century. This indicates that temperature and precipitation/moisture changes appear in multiple combinations. 3) Fluctuations in the intensity and seasonal movement of the westerlies and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) over the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the associated climate variability modes (e.g., North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), ENSO, and Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)), might be responsible for the spatially complex patterns of climate anomalies over TP during the past 2000 years. 4) The results highlight the need for more high-quality paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions that span the past two millennia on the TP. Such reconstructions must have unambiguous climate significance, clear seasonality, site-specific calibration, and robust dating.