常见中国传统文化专用词汇及段落英文翻译

　　1、中国意念词(Chinesenesses)

　　八卦 trigram

　　阴、阳 yin, yang

　　道 Dao(cf. logo)

　　江湖(世界) the jianghu World (the traits’ world)

　　e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)

　　道 Daoism(Taoism)

　　上火 excessive internal heat

　　儒学 Confucianism

　　红学(《红楼梦》研究) redology

　　世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia

　　开放 kaifang (Chinese openness to the outside world)

　　大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done

　　伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded

　　不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …

　　合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people

　　乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge

　　铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post

　　脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty

　　治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline

　　2 、中华民族的喜庆节日(Chinese Festivial)

　　国庆节 National Day

　　中秋节 Mid-Autumn Day/Festival

　　春节 Spring Festival

　　元宵节 Lantern Festival

　　儿童节 Children’s Day

　　端午节 Dragon Boat Festival

　　妇女节 Women’s Day

　　泼水节 Water-Splashing Day

　　教师节 Teachers’ Day

　　五四青年节 Youth Day

　　3、中国独特的传统饮食(Unique Traditional Chinese Foods)

　　馄饨 wonton

　　锅贴 guotie (fried jiaozi)

　　花卷 steamed twisted rolls

　　套餐 set meal

　　盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away

　　米豆腐 rice tofu

　　魔芋豆腐 konjak tofu

　　米粉 rice noodles

　　冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.)

　　火锅 chafing dish

　　八宝饭 eight-treasure rice pudding

　　粉丝 glass noodles

　　豆腐脑 jellied bean curd

　　4 、中国新兴事物(Newly Sprouted Things)

　　中国电信 China Telecom

　　中国移动 China Mobile

　　十五计划 the 10th Five-Year Plan

　　中国电脑联网 Chinanet

　　三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project

　　希望工程 Project Hope

　　京九铁路 Beijing CKowloon Railway

　　扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project

　　菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project

　　温饱工程 Decent-Life Project

　　安居工程 Economy Housing Project

　　扫黄 Porn-Purging Campaign

　　西部大开发 Go-West Campaign

　5 、特有的一些汉语词汇

　　禅宗 Zen Buddhism

　　禅 dhyana; dhgaya

　　混沌 chaos

　　道 Daosim, the way and its power

　　四谛 Four Noble Truth

　　八正道 Eightfold Path

　　无常 anity

　　五行说 Theory of Five Elements

　　无我 anatman

　　坐禅 metta or transcendental meditation

　　空 sunyata

　　虚无 nothingness

　　双喜 double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英)

　　小品 witty skits

　　相声 cross-talk

　　噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt

　　夜猫子 night people; night-owls

　　本命年 this animal year of sb.

　　处世之道 philosophy of life

　　姻缘 yinyuan(prefixed fate of marriage)

　　还愿 redeem a wish (vows)

　　6 、具有文化特色的现代表述

　　大陆中国 Mainland China

　　红宝书 little red book

　　红色中国 socialist China

　　四化 Four Modernizations

　　终生职业 job-for-life

　　铁饭碗 iron rice bowl

　　大锅饭 communal pot

　　关系户 closely-related units

　　外出打工人员 migrant workers

　　关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild

　　五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals

　　四美(心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美)： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment

　　7 、中国古代独特事物(Unique Ancient Chinese Items)

　　宣纸 rice paper

　　衙门 yamen

　　叩头 kowtow

　　孔子Confucius

　　牌楼 pailou；pai-loo

　　武术 wushu(Chinese Martial Arts)

　　功夫 kungfu ；kung fu

　　中庸 the way of medium (cf. Golden Means)

　　中和 harmony (zhonghe)

　　孝顺 to show filial obedience

　　孝子 dutiful son

　　家长 family head

　　三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife

　　五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity

　　八股文 eight-legged essays

　　多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness

　　养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age

　　8、近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译

　　基层监督 grass-roots supervision

　　基础税率 base tariff level

　　婚介所 matrimonial agency

　　婚外恋 extramarital love

　　婚纱摄影 bride photo

　　黑心棉 shoddy cotton

　　机器阅卷 machine scoring

　　即开型奖券 scratch-open ticket/lottery

　　集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development

　　价格听证会 public price hearings

　　甲A球队 Division A Soccer Team

　　家政服务 household management service

　　加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

　　假帐 accounting fraud

　　叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel

　　矫情 use lame arguments

　　渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence

　　借调 temporarily transfer

　　扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.

　　扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption

民族传统

一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

    Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.

三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

    The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

四、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

五、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

七、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“， 源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).

八、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

Chinese Chopsticks The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

九、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

Chinese Seal A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

十、天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

十一、京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”， 是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

Chinese Beijing Opera praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

十二、道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Chinese Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences; He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.

十三、中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese Idioms Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.

十四、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

十五、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

十六、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

The Four Treasures of the Study The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.

1．上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theatre　　2．龙须沟 Longxu Ditch　　3．样板戏 model opera　　4．地雷战 The Mine Warfare　　5．贵妃醉酒 Drunkened Concubine　　6．霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine　　7．荒山泪 Tears of Huangshan　　8．群英会 Gathering of Heroes　　9．借东风 East Wind　　10．将相和 General and Premier Make Up　　11．杨门女将 Women General of Yang Family　　12．凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance　　13．大海啊，故乡 Home in the Sea　　14．我的中国心 My Chinese Heart　　15．军港之夜 Night at the Naval Port　　16．冬天里的一把火 Winter Fire　　17．十面埋伏（古曲） Ambush from All Sides　　18．天仙配 Goddess Marriage　　19．牡丹亭 Peony Pavilion　　20．春江花月夜 Moon and Flower in the Spring River　　21．琵琶记 The Story of Pipa　　22．醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World　　23．梁祝（小提琴协奏曲） Butterfly Love　　24．警世通言 Ordinary Words to Warn the World　　25．喻世明言 Clear Words to Illustrate the World　　26．“三言”、“二拍” Three Volumes of Words，Two Volumes of Slapping　　27．拍案惊奇 Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk　　28．红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber　　29．水浒 Water Margin　　30．西游记 Journey to the West　　31．三国演义 Romance of the Three Kingdoms　　32．聊斋志异 Strange Tles from a Scholar's Studio　　33．长生殿 Palace of Eternal Life　　34．桃花扇 The Peach Blossom Fan　　35．儒林外史 The Scholars　　36．五女拜寿 Celebrating Mother's Birthday　　37．清明上河图 Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival　　38．京剧 Peking Opera　　39．越剧 Yue Opera　　40．川剧 Chuan Opera　　41．林家铺子 The Shop of Lin Family　　42．憩园（巴金作品集） Garden of Respose　　43．野草（鲁迅作品集） Wild Grass　　44．彷徨（鲁迅作品集） Wandering　　45．故事新编（鲁迅作品集） Old Tales Retold　　46．炎黄子孙 Chinese descent　　47．五行 five elements　　48．观音菩萨 Avalokitesvara　　49．菩萨 Boddhisattva　　50．清真寺 mosque　　51．道士 Taoist　　52．和尚 monk　　53．尼姑 nun　　54．罗汉 arhat 55．财神爷 the God of Wealth　　56．门神 Door Gods　　57．玉皇大帝 the Jade Emperor　　58．阎王爷 King of Hell　　59．龙王 Dragon King　　60．炉火神 the Fire God　　61．药王 the King of Medicine　　62．王母娘娘 the Queen Mother of the West　　63．齐天大圣 the Great Sage Equalling Heaven　　64．佛经 Buddhist scriptures　　65．花果山 Mountain of Flowers and Fruits　　66．水帘洞 Water Curtain Cave　　67．美猴王 Handsome Monkey King　　68．七十二般变化 seventy-two different forms　　69．孙悟空的师父 Patriarch Subhut　　70．金箍棒 golden cudgel　　71．弼马温 the Protector of the Horses　　72．太白金星 Great White Planet　　73．巨灵神 Mighty Miracle God　　74．哪吒三太子 Prince Ne Zha　　75．蕃桃园 the Immortality Peach Garden　　76．瑶池 Jade Pool　　77．赤脚大仙 Barefoot Immortal　　78．二郎真君 True Lord Erlangzhenjun　　79．八卦炉 Eight Trigrams Furnace　　80．太上老君 Lord Lao Zi of the Great Monad　　81．灵霄宝殿 Hall of Miraculous Mist　　82．四大天王 Four Heavenly Kings　　83．五行山 Five Elements Mountain　　84．金 metal　　85．木 wood　　86．水 water　　87．火 fire　　88．土 earth　　89．托塔李天王 Heavenly King with a Pagoda in Hand　　90．都江堰 Dujiang Weir　　91．八仙 the Eight Immortals　　92．铁拐李 Iron Crutch Li　　93．汉钟离 Han Zhongli　　94．张果老 Zhang Guolao　　95．何仙姑 He Xiangu　　96．蓝采和 Lan Caihe　　97．韩湘子 Han Xiangzi　　98．曹国舅 Cao Guojiu　　99．吕洞宾 Lu Dongbin　　100．河伯 River Uncle　　101．雷公 the Thunder God　　102．嫦娥 Chang'e　　103．土地神 Local God of the Land　　104．封神榜 Granting Titles to Gods　　105．灶王爷 the Kitchen God

中国文化段落翻译练习

[练习1] 春节

中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。

Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese festival. In China, it is also known as the Spring Festival. Chinese New Year celebrations run from New Year's Eve to the Lantern Festival, that is, from the last day of the last month of the lunar calendar to the 15th day of the first month. Although regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely, usually,every Chinese family gathers for the annual reunion dinner on New Year’s Eve. All the families will thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away any ill-fortune and to make way for good incoming luck. Doors will be decorated with red couplets with themes of health, wealth and good fortune. Other activities include lighting firecrackers, giving money in red envelopes and visiting relatives and friends.

[练习2] 端午节

端午节(Duanwu Festival)，又叫做龙舟节，是起源于中国的一个传统节日。它是在中国农历第五个月的第五天。2008年，端午节在中国大陆自20世纪40年代以来首次被认定为公共假日。这个节日最为出名的是它的龙舟比赛，尤其是在江河湖泊众多的南方各省。龙舟赛是为了纪念（commemorate）中国古代诗人——屈原——的离世，据说他投江自尽。其它的庆祝活动还有吃粽子（zongzi）和喝雄黄(realgar)酒。

Duanwu Festival, also known as Dragon Boat Festival, is a traditional holiday originating in China. It occurs on the 5th day of the 5th month of the Chinese lunar calendar.In 2008, Duanwu Festival was recognized as a public holiday in mainland China for the first time since the 1940s. The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes, which commemorates the death of Qu Yuan , an ancient Chinese poet who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river. Other celebrations include eating rice dumplings (zongzi) and drinking realgar wine (雄黃酒).

[练习3] 元宵节

中国的元宵节（the Lantern Festival）是人们在中国农历第一个月的第十五天庆祝的节日，标志着这是农历新年庆祝的最后一天。在元宵节这天，小孩子在夜晚提着纸灯出门来到寺庙，并猜灯谜（riddles）。产生于800年前的汤圆（Tang Yuan）是元宵节的传统食物。中国人认为这种球体的形状以及盛用（serve）它们的碗都象征着家庭团圆，并且吃汤圆能给家人在新的一年带来幸福和好运。

The Lantern Festival in China is a festival celebrated on the fifteenth day of the first month in Chinese lunar calendar, marking the last day of the lunar New Year celebration. During the Lantern Festival, children go out at night to temples carrying paper lanterns and solve riddles on the lanterns. Tang Yuan, which was first made 800 years ago, is a traditional food on the Lantern Festival. The Chinese people believe the round shape of the balls, and the bowls in which they are served symbolize family togetherness, and that eating tang Yuan may bring the family happiness and good luck in the new year.

[练习4] 中国茶文化

茶在中国社会，无论休闲或正式的场合，都经常被饮用（consume）。过去，下级为上级献茶。现在，年轻一代通常通过献上一杯茶来表达他们对年长一代的尊敬。当儿女因为工作或结婚而离开家后，去餐厅饮茶就成了家庭聚会的一项重要活动。人们在致歉和表达感谢时也为他人沏一杯茶。茶，除了作为一种饮品，也用于传统中药和中式菜肴。

In Chinese society, tea is consumed regularly in both casual and formal occasions. In the past, people of lower rank served tea to higher-ranking people. Now, the younger generation always shows their respect to the older generation by offering a cup of tea. When sons and daughters leave home because of work or getting married, going to restaurants and drinking tea becomes an important activity for family gatherings.People also make apologies and express thanks to others by pouring tea for them. Apart from being a drink, tea is also used in traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinesecuisine.

[练习5] 婚礼敬茶

在中国传统的婚礼仪式上，新郎（groom）和新娘 (bride ) 都要跪在他们父母的面前，为他们献茶。那是表达他们感谢的最虔诚的方式。按惯例，结婚夫妻要在他们父母面前说：“谢谢你们把我们抚养长大。”父母通常喝一小口茶，然后给他们发象征着好运的红包。另外一种习俗是新娘为新郎的父母献茶，象征着她即将成为后者家庭的一部分。

In the traditional Chinese marriage ceremony, both the bride and groom kneel in front of their parents and serve them tea. That is the most devout way to express their gratitude. In front of their parents, it is a practice for the married couple to say, "Thank you for bringing us up.” The parents will usually drink a small portion of the tea and then give them money in a red envelope, which symbolizes good luck. Another custom is that the bride serve tea to the groom's parents, symbolizing that she is to become a part of the latter's family.

[练习6] 中国龙

龙是中国神话(mythology)里的一种生物，其来源不明确。据说中国的龙是由9种不同的动物组成的，它有9个儿子。龙是中国等级最高的动物，象征着权力、力量和好运。历史上，龙是中国帝王的象征, 并出现在了在秦朝(Qin Dynasty)的国旗上。中国人称自己是“龙的传人（descendants）”。在日常汉语中，优秀杰出的人被比作龙，而无能无为的人被比作虫。就像一句中国成语（idiom）所说：“望子成龙”。如今，龙的形象大多用于装饰的目的。

The Chinese dragon is a creature in Chinese mythology.Its origins are vague. The Chinese dragon is said to be composed of nine different animalswith nine sons. The dragon is the highest-ranking animal in China, which symbolizes power, strength, and good luck. Historically, the dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China, and it appeared on national flags in the Qin Dynasty. Chinese people call themselves "Descendants of the Dragon". In Chinese daily language, excellent and outstanding people are compared to the dragon while incapable people with no achievements are compared to the worm. As a Chinese idiom goes: “Hoping one's son will become a dragon”. Today, the dragon is mostly used for decorative purposes.

[练习7] 上海

上海座落在长江（the Yangtze River）入海口，中国东部海岸的中部, 截至2010年，其总人口超过了两千三百万。作为中国最大和最繁荣的城市，它是这个国家的金融、贸易、文化和教育中心，而北京是政治中心。上海在过去20年里是世界发展最迅速地城市之一。在过去一个世纪中，上海被贴上了无数的名字标签(name tag), 比如“东方巴黎”和“中国明珠”。上海是一个很受世界游客欢迎的旅游目的地，让它特别具有吸引力的是这座城市中许多不同风格和设计的建筑。

Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of China’s eastern coast witha total population of over 23 million as of 2010. As the largest and most prosperous city in China, Shanghai is the financial, commercial, cultural and educational center of the nation, while Beijing is the political heart.Shanghai has been one of the fastest developing cities in the world in the last two decades. Throughout the past century, Shanghai has had numerous name tags attached to it, like "Paris of the Orient" and "Pearl of China". Shanghai is a popular tourist destination with international tourists. What makes it particularly attractive are the architecturesof many different styles and designs throughout the city.

[练习8] 风筝

中国是风筝的诞生地，潍坊是中国风筝发祥的主要地方之一。放风筝在宋代（Song Dynasty）的潍坊变得流行。那时风筝不仅在整个山东销售，还售到江苏、福建和其他地方。古代中国人用风筝来测量距离，测试风，发送信号，并用于军事行动的通讯。人们所知的最早的中国风筝是单调（flat）的，后来，人们用神话（mythological）人物来装饰风筝; 有的风筝上安装着弦（strings）和口哨（whistle），使得在飞行时发出音乐声。一位著名的英国学者把风筝列为中国传入欧洲的重要科技贡献之一。

China is the birthplace of the kite and Weifang is one of the chief places where Chinese kites originated. Kite-flying became prevalent in Weifang in the Song Dynasty when Kites were sold not only across Shandong, but also to Jiangsu, Fujian, and other places. Ancient Chinese used kites for measuring distances, testing the wind, signaling, and communication for military operations. The earliest known Chinese kites were flat. Later, Kites were decorated with mythological figures; some were fitted with strings and whistles to make musical sounds while flying. A noted English scholar listed kites as one of the important contributions in science and technology that Chinese introduced to Europe.