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阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展

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全 文 :第 29 卷 第 9 期2 0 1 2 年 9 月沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityVol. 29 No. 9Sep. 2012 p. 730收稿日期:2012-03-14基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(81060332)作者简介:邢亚超(1990-) ,女(汉族) ,山东聊城人,硕士研究生,E-mail xing. yachao@ 163. com;薛洁(1962-) ,女(汉族) ,新疆乌鲁木齐人,教授,博士,主要从事新疆民族药物的研究与开发,Tel. 0991-5801584,E-mail kjxuejie@163. com;* 通讯作者:李宁(1979-) ,女(汉族) ,河北保定人,副教授,博士,主要从事天然药物化学研究,Tel. 024-23986475,E-mail liningsypharm@ 163. com。文章编号:1006-2858(2012)09-0730-12阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展邢亚超1,李 宁1* ,薛 洁2(1. 沈阳药科大学 基于靶点的药物设计与研究教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110016;2. 新疆医科大学 附属中医医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830002)摘要:目的 对阿魏属植物近 10 年来研究所得到的化学成分进行综述。方法 通过查阅国内外相关文献,总结珍稀中药阿魏及阿魏来源植物的化学成分的研究进展,按照化合物的结构类型对其化学成分进行分类。结果 阿魏属植物含有多种化学成分,主要含有香豆素类、倍半萜香豆素类、倍半萜类、芳香族类和含硫化合物等。结论 为进一步研究、开发和利用阿魏属植物资源提供参考。关键词:阿魏属;化学成分;香豆素;倍半萜香豆素;倍半萜中图分类号:R 28 文献标志码:A阿魏是伞形科(Umbelliferae)阿魏属(FerulaL.)植物的总称,因其具有难闻的臭味,有“魔鬼的粪便”之称,是一类具有重要药用价值的珍稀植物资源,乃至人称“黄金有价,阿魏无价”。世界上约有 150 种阿魏,现主要分布于地中海、中亚及其邻近地区。我国有 26 种 1 变种,主要分布于新疆[1],其中有 6 种植株均能分泌出特殊葱蒜样臭味。早在古波斯就已将阿魏属植物作为药用[2],现在阿魏仍是国际市场上必不可少的中草药之一。药用阿魏是从阿魏属植物的根或茎中得到的一种油胶树脂之风干块状物,味苦、辛,性温,归脾胃经。《中华人民共和国药典》收载的是新疆阿魏(Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen)和阜康阿魏(F. fukangensis K. M. Shen)的树脂[3],具有截疟、消积、解毒、杀虫、祛痰、疏风、活血和通经等功效,民间常用于治疗消化系统疾病。现代研究表明其具有抗生育、免疫抑制、解热、镇痛、抗炎等广泛的药理活性,近年来由于发现其中具有植物雌激素活性成分和抗癌物质而倍受人们关注[4]。其研究多集中在阿魏树脂、根,对阿魏的种子近年来也有研究[5]。本文作者对近 10年内国内外阿魏及阿魏的来源的化学成分做一综述,以备研究参考。1 化学成分对阿魏属的研究国内外有大量报道。阿魏属植物化学成分多样,以倍半萜香豆素(sesquiter-pene coumarins)、倍半萜化合物(sesquiterpenes)及多硫化合物(polysulfanes)为其化学特性,倍半萜化合物多以酯、内酯的形式存在,多具有生物活性。1. 1 香豆素类香豆素是最早从阿魏属植物中得到的一类化合物,它也是该属植物中一类特征化合物。其中绝大多数香豆素是伞型花内酯衍生物,根据取代基不同可分为单萜香豆素(monoterpene couma-rins)、倍半萜(直链、单环、双环)香豆素(sesquit-erpene coumarins)及其他香豆素等,其中以倍半萜香豆素衍生物最为多见。1. 1. 1 倍半萜香豆素倍半萜香豆素类化合物的结构特征是 7-羟基香豆素的 7 位羟基以醚键与倍半萜相连,倍半萜部分可分为链状、单环、双环,其中以双环倍半萜取代的香豆素最多。因此倍半萜香豆素结构的多样性在于萜的部分:不同的碳骨架、取代位置、取代基类型(羟基、羰基、乙酰氧基)、双键的有无和位置、不对称碳的构型都能产生结构的变化。链状倍半萜香豆素的化学结构式见图 1、表 1;单环倍半萜香豆素的化学结构式见图 2、表 2;双环倍半萜香豆素的化学结构式见图 3、4 和表 3。Fig. 1 Stuctures of coumarins with an acyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.图 1 阿魏属植物中链状倍半萜香豆素类结构Table 1 Coumarins with an acyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.表 1 阿魏属植物中链状倍半萜香豆素类No. Trivial name Plant source Reference No. Trivial name Plant source Reference1 Umbelliprenin F. fukanensis,F. sinkiangensis,F. szowitsiana,F. persica,F. flabelliloba,F. assafoetida,F. campestris,F. tunetana[6 - 13] 6 Karatavicinol F. foetida,F. assafoetida[10,14 - 15]2 5S-HydroxyumbellipreninF. assafoetida [14] 7 Persicaoside C F. persica [17]3 8-Acetoxy-5-hydroxyumbellipreninF. foetida,F. assafoetida[14 - 16] 8 Persicaoside D F. persica [17]4 Asacoumarin F. foetida [15] 9 10R-Acetoxy-11-hydroxyumbellipreninF. assafoetida [14]5 5-Acetoxy-8-hydroxy umbellip-reninF. assafoetida [14]Fig. 2 Stuctures of coumarins with a monocyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.图 2 阿魏属植物中单环倍半萜香豆素类结构137第 9 期 邢亚超等:阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展Table 2 Coumarins with a monocyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.表 2 阿魏属植物中单环倍半萜香豆素类No. Trivial name Plant source Reference No. Trivial name Plant source Reference10 Actyl fekrynol F. lehmannii [18] 19 Fukanone A F. fukanensis [24]11 Fekrynol F. sinkiangensis,F. lehmannii[7,19 - 20]20 Sikninaone F. sinkiangensis,F. lehmannii[5,7,19,24]12 Galbanic acid F. szowitsiana,F. assafoetida[8,10,14]21 Ferulsinaic acid F. sinaica [25 - 27]13 Methyl galbanate F. szowitsiana,F. assafoetida[8,14] 22 Farnesiferone B F. flabelliloba [9]14 Fekolone F. lehmannii,F. fukanensis,F. sinkiangensis[6 - 7,18,20]23 Flabellilobin A F. flabelliloba [9]15 Farnesiferol B F. sinkiangensis,F. szowitsiana,F. fabelliloba,F. lehmannii,F. assafoetida,F. persica[7 - 10,14,18,20 - 21]24 Lehmferin F. assafoetida,F. flabelliloba[9,14]16 Lehmannolone A F. lehmannii [19] 25 Flabellilobin B F. flabelliloba [9]17 Farnesiferol C F. lehmannii,F. sinkiangensis,F. szowitsiana,F. asafoetida[7 - 8,10,19 - 20,22 - 23]26 Asimafoetida F. assafoetida [23]18 Assafoetidin F. fukanensis,F. lehmannii[6,19,24]27 Asimafoetidnol F. assafoetida [28]Fig. 3 Stuctures of coumarins with a bicyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.图 3 阿魏属植物中双环倍半萜香豆素类结构237 沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报 第 29 卷Fig. 4 Stuctures of coumarins with a bicyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.图 4 阿魏属植物中双环倍半萜香豆素类结构Table 3 Coumarins with a bicyclic sesquiterpene substituent from Ferula L.表 3 阿魏属植物中双环倍半萜香豆素类No. Trivial name Plant source Reference No. Trivial name Plant source Reference28 Lehmannolone F. fukanensis,F. sinkiangensis[6,25] 54 Mogoltacin F. badrakema [30 - 32]29 Lehmannolol F. sinkiangensis,F. assafoetida[14,25] 55 Gumoside A F. gumosa [33]30 Badrakemin F. teterrima [7,29] 56 Gumoside B F. gumosa [34]31 BadrakeminacetateF. teterrima,F. badrakema[7,29 - 30]57 Cauferoside F. gumosa [34]32 Badrakemone F. fukanensis,F. teterrima,F. persica[6 - 7,21,29]58 Conferoside F. gumosa [34]33 Feshurin F. teterrima [29] 59 Gumosin F. gumosa [34]34 Feshurin acetate F. teterrima [29] 60 Foetidin acetate F. marmarica [35]35 Colladonin F. teterrima,F. foetida,F. sinkiangensis,F. sinaica,F. tunetana,F. campestris[5,11 - 12,15,26,29]61 Foetidone F. marmarica [35]36 Coladin F. sinaica,F. tunetana,F. campestris[11 - 12,25 - 26]62 Lehmferidin F. gumosa [34](to be continued)337第 9 期 邢亚超等:阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展Continued table 3No. Trivial name Plant source Reference No. Trivial name Plant source Reference37 3-Angeloxy-coladoninF. vesceritensis [26] 63 epi-Conferdione F. assafoetida,F. foetida[14 - 15]38 Isosmarcandin F. tunetana [11] 64 Ligupersin A F. assafoetida,F. fabelliloba,F. gumosa,F. badrakema[9,14,33 - 34]39 Samarcandin F. teterrima [7] 65 Ent-colladonin F. sinkiangensis [7]40 SamarcandinacetateF. teterrima [7] 66 Diastereomer-samarcandinF. sinaina [36]41 Samarcandone F. teterrima,F. sinaica[7,26] 67 Szowitsiacoumarin A F. szowitsiana [8]42 epi-Samarcandin F. sinkiangensis,F. sinaica[7,31] 68 Szowitsiacoumarin B F. szowitsiana [8]43 Isosamarcandin F. sinkiangensis [7] 69 Persicaoside A F. persica [17]44 Farnesiferol A F. assafoetida,F. vesceritensis,F. persica[14,21 - 22,32]70 Persicaoside B F. persica [17]45 Polyanthinin F. assafoetida [14] 71 Tunetacoumarin A F. tunetana [11]46 Gummosin F. persica [21] 72 Microlobin F. assafoetida [14]47 Isofeterin F. teterrima [7,25] 73 Kamolonol F. assafoetida [14]48 Feterin F. teterrima [7,29] 74 Ferocaulidin F. gumosa,F. badrakema[30,33 - 34]49 Feselol F. teterrima,F. assafoetida,F. flabelliloba,F. badrakema,F. vesceritensis[7,9,14,30,32 - 33]75 Saradaferin F. assafoetida [37]50 Conferone F. flabelliloba,F. badrakema[9,30,33] 76 Farnesiferone A F. persica [21]51 13-Hydroxy-feselolF. vesceritensis,F. tunetana[11,26] 77 Ferusinol F. sinaica,F. vesceritensis[32,36]52 Conferol F. assafoetida,F. gumosa[14,34] 78 Conferdione F. fabelliloba [9]53 Conferol acete F. badrakema [30]1. 1. 2 单萜香豆素伊朗学者 M. Iranshahi 等分别从 F. szowitsi-ana和 F. diversivittata中分离得到单萜香豆素 au-raptene(79)[8]和 diversin(80)[38]。化合物 79、80的化学结构式见图 5。1. 1. 3 其他香豆素从阿魏属中分离得到异戊烯二氢呋喃类香豆素 81 ~ 90[7,39 - 41]。除此之外还有特殊结构的倍半萜香豆素衍生物 3-法呢基-4,7-二羟基香豆素(91 )[7]、 ferulenol (92 )[42]、 fukanemarin A(93)[39]、fukanemarin B (94)、fukanefuromarinsE-G(95 ~ 97)[43]和简单香豆素伞形酮 98[6 - 7,20]。化合物 81 ~ 98 的化学结构式见图 5。437 沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报 第 29 卷Fig. 5 Monoterpene coumarins and other coumarins from Ferula L.图 5 阿魏属植物中单萜及其他香豆素类结构1. 2 倍半萜类阿魏属植物中倍半萜类化合物结构类型见图6。主要以胡萝卜烷型(a)为主,包括化合物 99 ~138[11 - 12,26,32,44 - 49]。蛇麻烷型(b)、吉马烷型(c)、愈创木烷型(d)、桉叶烷型(e)、艾里莫芬烷型(f)等其他类型也均有报道,如橙花椒醇(nero-lidol)[40]、愈创木醇(guaiol)[7,24]等。倍半萜类化合物除少数游离外,多与脂肪酸、芳香醇成酯存在。R. Alkhatib等[50]从 F. lycia 植物中提取得到蛇麻烷型衍生物 139 ~ 149 和 2 个吉马烷型酯150、151。Y. Shikishima等[51]在 F. penninervis 根中发现 15 个愈创木烷型倍半萜 152 ~ 166 和 3 个桉叶烷型倍半萜 177 ~ 179。M. Iranshahi 等[30]从F. badrakema的根中分到 1 个新的艾里莫芬烷型倍半萜 badrakemonin(185)。倍半萜内酯是另一类特征成分,伞形科是菊科之外含此类化合物最多的科,阿魏属植物也含有不少该类化合物,但国内报道较少。M. Iranshahi 等[38]从 F. diversivitta-ta的根中提取得到倍半萜内酯衍生物 167 ~ 173。K. Suzuki等[52]在 F. varia 的根中发现倍半萜内酯 175、176、186 ~ 188 和 6 个新化合物 174、180 ~184。A. Nagatsu等[53]从 F. ferulaeoides 的根中分离得到 3 个异戊烯基二氢呋喃色酮型倍半萜189 ~ 191。T. Motai 等从 F. fukanensis 的根中分离得到 5 个新的倍半萜色酮衍生物 192 ~ 196[54]和 5 个新的倍半萜苯丙素类衍生物 197 ~ 201[55]。此外还存在倍半萜二烯酮 202、203[16]和特殊结构的倍半萜 ferulactone A、B (204、205)[56]、ku-histaferone(206)[57]、9-O-acetyl-8-O-tigloyltovarol(207)[13],化合物 99 ~207的化学结构式见图 7、8。a—Carotane;b—Humulane;c—Germacrane;d—Guaiane;e—Eudesmane;f—EremophilaneFig. 6 Sesquiterpenes styles from Ferula L.图 6 阿魏属植物中倍半萜类化合物结构类型537第 9 期 邢亚超等:阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展Fig. 7 Sesquiterpenes from Ferula L.图 7 阿魏属植物中倍半萜类化合物结构637 沈 阳 药 科 大 学 学 报 第 29 卷Fig. 8 Sesquiterpenes from Ferula L.图 8 阿魏属植物中倍半萜类化合物结构1. 3 芳香族类胡跃等[58]从准格尔阿魏(F. songorica)中分离得到 2,4-二羟基-α-氧代-苯乙酸、2,4-二羟基苯甲酮、3,3,4,4-联苯四甲酸。此外还有人从阿魏属植物中分离得到对羟基苯甲酸乙酯[24]、vanil-lin[14]、latifolone(propiophenone)[7,11]、acantrifosideE[33]、阿魏酸[5,22]、ferulol[35]、4-hydroxybenzoic acid4-(6-O-sulfo)glucopyranoside[33]、2-epilaserine[12]、2-epihelmanticine[8,12]、1-(2,4-二酚羟基)-3,7-二甲基-3-乙烯基-8-(4-甲基-2-呋喃基)-6(E)-辛烯-737第 9 期 邢亚超等:阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展1-酮[40]、1-(2,4-二酚羟基-3,7,11-三甲基-3-乙烯基-6(E) ,10-二烯十二碳-1-酮[40 - 41]、dshami-rone[40 - 41]、(2E)-3,4-二甲氧基苯丙烯基-3-(3,4-二乙酰氧基苯基)丙烯酸酯[59]、1,3,7-三羟基-6-甲基呫吨酮[24]、大黄素[24]、fukaneketoester A[55]等。1. 4 含硫化合物阿魏属植物具有特殊葱蒜样臭味是因为其中所含的一系列二硫化物、多硫化物和单硫化物。近些年从中分离得到 foetisulfides A、C[14]、persicasulfides A、B[60,61]、foetisulfides A-D、foeti-thiophenes A、B[62]、1-仲丁基-2-[(E)-3-(甲硫基)丙基-1-烯基]二硫烷、1-仲丁基-2-[(Z)-3-(甲硫基)丙基-1-烯基]二硫烷、1-[(E)-3-( (甲硫基)丙基-1-烯基)-2-(1-(甲硫基)丙基]二硫烷、1-[(Z)-3-( (甲硫基)丙基-1-烯基)-2-(1-(甲硫基)丙基]二硫烷[63]、persicasulphides A、C、B[64]等。1. 5 其他化合物从阿魏属中分离得到的化合物还有甾体如孕甾-4-烯-3,20-二酮、孕甾-3,20-二酮[7]、β-谷甾醇[8,23 - 24]、豆甾醇[5,8,11,38]、谷甾醇-3-O-β-葡萄糖苷[17]、豆 甾 醇-3-O-β-葡 萄 糖 苷[5,17]、胡 萝 卜苷[24,29,34],二 萜 15-hydroxy-6-en-dehydroabieticacid、7-oxocallitrisic acid、picealactone C[14]、tschim-gin、tschimganin[45],三萜皂苷 Sandrosaponins X、IX、XI[65],聚乙炔类 9-epoxyfalcarindiol[12],香豆精类化合物佛手柑内酯[24]等。2 结语在我国,阿魏是新疆特有的珍稀药材资源之一,且在维吾尔医药中具有悠久的应用历史。从阿魏的研究情况来看,这一特有民族药地深入开发和应用还受到 3 个方面的限制。首先阿魏属植物来源丰富,但基源植物的准确鉴定存在困难,民族药市场上伪品、混品种类繁多;其次,对于阿魏的化学成分尤其是生物活性成分,国外学者研究的较多,而国内相关报道较少,且仅局限于部分种的化学成分研究;第三方面,由于阿魏生长的区域性强、价格高,近年来受经济利益驱使的不合理采挖使得阿魏的植物资源受到了毁灭性的打击,如何能保护这一珍稀植物资源是亟需解决的问题。对阿魏属植物化学成分深入系统研究,有利于解决上述问题,促进其合理的开发和利用,更好的保护原植物资源。基于此,本课题组拟在总结近年来国内外对阿魏化学成分研究结果的基础之上,对《中华人民共和国药典》收载的新疆阿魏的生物活性成分进行系统的研究。以期阐明其化学成分和传统药效的关系及作用机制,同时丰富阿魏属植物化学成分的基础为该属植物的化学分类学提供依据。参考文献:[1]单人驿,余孟兰. 中国植物志[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1992:85 - 117.[2]阿依吐尔汗,王文婕,谭敦炎.新疆阿魏属植物的药用价值及应用前景[J]. 新疆农业大学学报:增刊,2000,23:58 - 60.[3]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典:一部[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010:176.[4]宋东伟,赵文军,吴雪萍,等. 阿魏属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展[J]. 中成药,2005,27(3) :329 - 332.[5]王月娥,斯建勇,李晓瑾,等. 新疆阿魏种子化学成分的研究(I) [J].中国现代中药,2011,13(1) :26 -28.[6]许琼明,李国强,刘艳丽.阜康阿魏中倍半萜香豆素类化学成分研究[J]. 中国药学杂志,2009,44(4) :255 - 257.[7]杨俊荣.臭阿魏、新疆阿魏和多伞阿魏的化学成分研究[D].北京:中国协和医科大学中国医学科学院,2006:17 - 55.[8] IRANSHAHI M,ARFA P,RAMEZANI M,et al. 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Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design &Discovery,Ministry of Education,Shenyang Pharma-ceutical University,Shenyang 110016,China;2. XinJiang Medical University,Affiliated Hospital of Tradi-tional Chinese Medicine,Urumqi 830002,China)Abstract:Objective To review the studies on chemical constituents of Ferula in recent ten years.MethodsOn the basis of international and domestic references,the chemical constituents of Ferula were comprehen-sively reviewed and then classified according to their structural types. Results Ferula species contained manykinds of chemical constituents,primarily coumarins,sesquiterpene coumarins,sesquiterpenes,aromatic com-pounds,sulfur-containing compounds etc. Conclusions Many studies have been performed on the chemicalconstituents,the paper summarizes international and domestic research advances in recent ten years on chem-ical constituents of rare Chinese medicine Ferula and its plants,expect for providing a reference for the fur-ther study,exploitation and utilization of this resource.Key words:Ferula;chemical constituent;coumarin;sesquiterpene coumarin;sesquiterpene(上接第 717 页)Inhibition effect of quercetin on ultraviolet B radia-tion induced dermal damages through inhibiting theexpression of COX-2DENG Hai-wei1,2,LIN Zhi-xiu3,ZHANG Pei1,2,SHI Xiao-jun1,2* ,LIU Dan1,2,ZHU Yong-yuan1,2(1. Department of Life Science,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;2. Department of Life Science,Shenzhen Graduate School of Tsinghua University,Shenzhen 518055,China;3. School of Chinese Medicine,Faculty of Science,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin,N. T.,Hong Kong 999077,China)Abstract:Objective To investigate the protective effects of quercetin on ultraviolet B(UVB)radiation in-duced dermal damages and try to find the possible mechanisms.Methods The anti-inflammatory actions andthe underlying mechanism of quercetin using cultured keratinocytes and mouse model were investigated. Re-sults ① By observing the morphology of the histological sections,it was found that UVB radiation signifi-cantly induced skin edema,and quercetin had a protective effect against this process just like the effect ofsunscreen.② The data of immunofluorescence staining,Real-time PCR and Western blotting showed thatUVB radiation increased the expression of COX-2 significantly and quercetin could inhibit the process ongene and protein level. Conclusions Quercetin inhibits UVB radiation induced dermal damages through in-hibiting the expression of COX-2.Key words:quercetin;ultraviolet B;COX-2;dermal damage147第 9 期 邢亚超等:阿魏属植物化学成分研究进展



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