戊型肝炎的肝内外临床表现与治疗进展

戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是全球急性肝炎的主要病因之一，HEV感染是受关注的公共卫生问题。戊型肝炎临床表现形式多样，大部分戊型肝炎为急性普通型自限性肝炎，临床症状轻微，但在罹患基础性肝病或免疫功能低下的人群中，可发生重症化及慢性化，表现为暴发性肝炎乃至肝衰竭，不同慢性肝病背景基础上的HEV感染致肝衰竭（慢加急性肝衰竭）是值得关注的HEV感染重症化的临床表型。此外，HEV感染可呈现多系统多器官受累的肝外临床表现，主要包括格林-巴利综合征等神经系统疾病、膜性/膜性增生性肾小球肾炎等肾脏疾病、冷球蛋白血症及血小板减少症为代表的血液病等。迄今国内外尚无批准专门用于治疗戊型肝炎的抗病毒药物，鉴于多数急性戊型肝炎可自发清除，临床上无需特殊治疗，但针对重症或慢性戊型肝炎患者，利巴韦林（RBV）单药治疗或联合聚乙二醇干扰素-α治疗，取得一定的抗病毒疗效，亦有小分子化合物联合RBV抗HEV治疗尝试，但高等级循证医学证据尚显不足。研发新的高效抗HEV药物是亟待解决的临床课题；HEV感染重症化及慢性化的临床表型、预警、机制、干预及转归有待进一步研究明确。

Hepatitis type E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis globally and has thus gained attention as a public health issue. The diverse clinical manifestations of hepatitis type E are typically acute and self-limiting with mild symptoms, but populations with underlying liver disease or immunocompromised patients can have severe and chronic symptoms. Severity and chronicity can arise and manifest as fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, or even hepatic failure. HEV infection-induced hepatic failure (acute-on-chronic liver failure), based on the different backgrounds of chronic liver disease, is a clinical phenotype of severe HEV infection that requires attention. In addition, HEV infection can exhibit extrahepatic clinical manifestations of multi-system and organ involvement like neurological diseases (Guillain-Barré syndrome), renal diseases (membranous/membranous proliferative glomerulonephritis, cryoglobulinemia), and blood diseases (thrombocytopenia). At home or abroad, there are no antiviral drugs approved, particularly for HE treatment. Since most acute HE can resolve spontaneously, no special treatment is required clinically. However, in patients with severe or chronic HE, ribavirin (RBV) monotherapy and/or pegylated interferon-combination therapy have achieved certain antiviral effects. Combined small-molecule drugs and RBV have been attempted to treat HEV, but high-level evidence-based treatment is still lacking. Thus, new, highly effective anti-HEV drugs are clinical priorities to address these concerns. Severe and chronic HEV infections' clinical phenotype, early detection, mechanism, intervention, and outcome need additional study.