[英语语法]词法之动词:时态语态

2024-07-03 17:59| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

本博文源于《语法知识清单》与“王菲语法树”。动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态。动作和状态的发生有一定的时间和表现形式，这就是英语中动词的时态。语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。本博文先谈时态后谈语态。

时态

在这里插入图片描述

现在一般

经常或习惯发生的动作或状态。

常用的时间状语 They go to the Palace museum once a year.They often discuss buiness in the evening. 表示客观真理事实，人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语 The earth turns the sun.Light travels faster than sound. 表十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情 The train for HaiKou leaves at 8:00 in the morning. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句时，一般现在时代一般将来时 Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home. 过去一般表过去的动作或状态可能是一次性也可经常发生 Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.When he went into the rooms he saw a stranger talking with his father. 现在进行 be(am is are) + 现在分词 I am writing a long level. 表即将发生的动作，一般指近期安排好的事情 What are you doing tomorrow? 表频繁发生或反复进行的动作，常与always等频度副词连用，以表示赞扬，不满或讨厌等感情色彩 He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later. 过去进行 was 或were+现在分词过去进行时的时间状语用于宾从或时间状语从句中，表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长，句子中通常不用时间状语现在完成 have(has)+done 时间状语 I have never seen such fine pictures before.He has just gone to England. 表在过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态过去将来 should 或would 动词原形构成在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时，而是应该使用过去一般时表示存粹的将来时用would或should表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to （+动原）现在完成进行

指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作，它具有现在完成时现在进行时双重特征。

结构“have/has + been + 动词的现在分词” How long have you been waiting here? 语态

主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事)主动语态主语是动作的承受者（即某事被某人做）叫被动语态

语态的构成构成“助动词be+动词的过去分词”助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化被动语态后的by短语有时可略去被动语态的用法不知道谁是动作的执行者（即不知道谁做）时用被动语态省略by短语 A man was killed in the accident. 众所周知是谁做时用被动语态省略by短语 Rice is also grown in this place. 强调动作的承受者，句尾加by短语 It was written by LuXun. 主动语态改被动语态的方法将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略). 双宾的被动语态把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，间接宾语前要加介词to或for。

例子: His teacher gave him a disctionary. –>He was given a dictionary by his teacher. –>A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.

加to 不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定义前要加to。

例子: The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day. –>The poor man was mad to work 12 hours a day.

带复合宾语的动词一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中做主语补足语。 例子: I paint the house white. ---->The house is painted white by me. 动词短语作谓语短语动词是不可分割的整体改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。

例子: The girl takes good care of her little brother. The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.

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