2021刘晓燕语法长难句笔记（名词）

主语、宾语、表语、同位语

主语：The movie proves brilliant.

宾语：I appreciate the actress.

表语：She keeps a ghost.

同位语：I enjoy the part, the end.

（同位语只能跟在名词后，the part=the end；作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现）

例句：Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.

过度捕捞，一个全球普遍现象，已经变得越来越严重了。

主语从句：

The movie proves brilliant.

What I saw proves brilliant.

宾语从句：

I appreciate the actress.

I appreciate what she did.

表语从句：

She keeps a ghost.

She keeps who I admire.

同位语从句：

I enjoy the part, the end.

I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.

名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

例句

她已经离婚了是显而易见的

She has got divorced is conspicuous.（句子不能做主语）

That she has got divorced is conspicuous.

她离婚了吗是个秘密

Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→

whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.

她什么时候离婚是个谜

When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →

When she got divorced remains a mystery.

引导词

名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：

that（当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思）

whether（当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否）

所有特殊疑问词（当从句是特殊疑问句时）

并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式

练习：

练习一：

我正在思考外星人存在吗

I am wondering whether the allien exists.（宾语从句）

（可数名词不能单独使用，a/复数/the；不确定是否可数用the）

练习二：

他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜

Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（可数名词不能单独使用）

Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（主语从句）

（主系表）

练习三：

关键是你什么时候有钱呀

关键（主语）是（谓语）你什么时候有钱呀（表语）

The point seem when wealth will be available for you.（表语从句）

available可得到的

练习四：

有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要

你（主语）发现（谓语）事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要（宾语）

Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.（宾语从句）

主语从句的满分表达就是把主语从句放到句末去，加it做形式主语，主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子

显而易见，众所周知：

It keeps common knowledge that

It looks beyond dispute that（超越争论）

It is universally acknowledged that

It has been widely accepted that

我认为：

It keeps my perspective that

例句：女人总是对的是一个常识

That ladies tend to be right keeps  common knowledge. 

→It keeps  common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.  

例句：关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了

It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight. 

同位语从句的位置：名词后；句末

她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄

The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.

→(The news  has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末，但作文中不要放在句末)

河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的

The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.

（outlook/perspective/idea观点，看法）

温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子

The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.

穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受

Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.

能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来

只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）

除此以外，只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束

The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（同位语从句）

When I saw you, I loved you.（状语从句）

引导词在句首，不是主语从句就是状语从句

例句：

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.

That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语

例句：

Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

Whether...versa主语（由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语） depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语

政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题

例句：

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

depends upon谓语 ；the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语；with which it is interpreted定语（定前面所有名词）

and+介词+定语

upon→on；the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness；of the information used→ with which it is interpreted

省略了depends

以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧

例句：

It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems. 

that ...problems主句；谓语is agreed；

主语从句中：谓语is，主语a person，定语of high intelligence，表语one，修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems. 

众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人，是一个能够做出辨别的人，是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人，并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人

例句：

For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100％ fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

主语that ...normal，谓语has been known（has帮助known构成现在完成时，been帮助known完成被动）主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语，两个句子均为主系表结构

比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常

只要实义动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me）

She said that she would marry an old rich man.

that 可省略，在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句可以省略，作文中不省略，作文为正式文体

You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.

主谓宾宾补

You主语，have heard谓语，it宾语，repeated宾补

it形式宾语，指代that...

你们听说以下的事情被重复吧：科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能，他们建立起了自己的理论（out of 在...之中，在...之外）

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.（在...之中）

只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句

Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

Galileo's greatest glory主语，was谓语，that ...Earth表语从句

从句中：he主语，was谓语，the first person表语，to ...planets定语

伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人

4. 同位语从句

只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）

A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.

Freud主语，formulated谓语，his revolutionary theory宾语，that ...fears同位语从句

从句：dreams主语，were谓语，the disguised shadows表语，of our unconscious desires and fears定语（shadows的定语）

一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.

the idea主语，rests on谓语，that ...citizen同位语从句，an understanding+special responsibilities宾语，of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语

记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

Evidence主语，came up谓语，同位语从句后置 that ...old

六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了

只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分

1. 形容词修饰名词

那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志

The naive nightingale lost his life.

2. 名词修饰名词

夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放

The singing of the nightingale enables the rose to bloom.

3. 介词短语做定语

窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹

The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.

4. 非谓语动词修饰名词

那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨

The singing nightingale died pitifully.

=The nighingale to sing died pitifully.

5. 从句修饰名词

我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝

前小后大

特殊：

1. 形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后something special

2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后

被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜

The boy discarded looks pitiful

这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事

This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.

那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会

The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

（1）构成

n（先行词）+引导词+句子

定语从句修饰名词，名词性从句代替名词

（2）引导词

定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类

①当先行词是人的时候引导词有：

who whom whose

②当先行词是物的时候引导词有：

that which whose

③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有：

that which when

④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有：

that which where

⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有：

that which why

名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句

到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词

I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺主谓宾）

that在定语从句中充当关系代词，代替先行词引导定语从句（定从中that与which等同）。代词在句中充当主语；宾语；表语。that在名词性从句中不做成分可以省略。

when为关系副词，副词只能充当状语

I will never forget the day that we spent.（从句缺宾语）

You had better have no reason why you are late.（从句不缺主谓宾）

You had better have no reason that sounds perfect.（从句缺主语）

先行词和引导词在从句中能够充当的成分共同决定引导词

定语从句引导词的分类新标准

定语从句的引导词还可以按照引导词本身的词性来分类，一共把引导词分成三类

①代词（在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分）：

who whom that which

②副词（在从句中不能充当主语或宾语的成分）：

when where why

③形容词（在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词）

whose

找定语的关键是找名词，只要名词后有一坨东西，只要这一坨东西不是谓语动词，就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分（状语也有可能）

定语从名词后开始，到主句的谓语动词之前结束。如果主句的谓语动词在定语之前的话，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。但是如果定语后有连词出现的，定语不是到句末结束，而是到连词之前结束

区别定语从句和同位语从句

I have a dream that sounds ridiculous.（定语从句）

I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位语从句）

①读从句本身的意思：定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释

②看引导词that在从句中是否充当成分，如果充当成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分就是同位语从句

③定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。

④定语从句的引导词有8个，而同位语从句的引导词通常都是that

分析长难句步骤：谓语→连词→定语

In short, a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."

a leader主语，of the new school定语，contends谓语

 "the ...directions."宾语从句（主系表结构）

the scientific revolution主语，was谓语，由三个名词充当表语，of a series ...directions定语（三个名词的定语）

In Europe , as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.

multi-media groups主语，have been谓语，successful groups表语

which ...another定语从句

Creating a "European identity" that respects the differents cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

定语从句that充当主语，Creating a "European identity" 主语，that ...Continent定语，谓语is，no easy task表语。

第一句话主系表结构，第二句话主谓宾结构，两个句子用and连接，第二句话省略主句（与第一句话共用一个主语）

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

主语为whether or 并列的两个动词不定式共同充当主语，or和 both之间省略了to use

谓语为depends upon，宾语是evidence和factors

in a particular situation定语，from experience concerning comparative validity定语，

as cost and availability定语

翻译

一个大定语中通常都会有无数个小定语

I love LiuXiaoYan from henan/ with a large population/ kind as well as diligent/.

每一个小定语都是到下一个名词结束，翻译的时候从后往前翻译

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results (of social needs).Others are reasonable consequences/定语1 (of particular advances/定语2 (in science/定语3 (being to some extent self-accelerating)).           to some extent在某种程度上

一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果，其他的是在某种程度上自我加速的科学上的特殊进步的合理结果

In short, a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution,as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments/定语1 that expanded the reach/定语2 of science/定语3 in innumerable directions."

简而言之，一个新学派的领导人认为科学革命很大程度上是扩大了在各个领域内科学所到达的范围的一系列的工具的提高发明和使用

Creating a "European identity" that respects the differents cultures and traditions/定语1 which go to make up the connecting fabric/定语2 of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

创造一个欧洲身份，这种身份尊重不同文化和传统，这些文化和传统构成了旧大陆相互联系的桥梁，这绝非易事需要一个战略性的选择

After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world/ to allow doctors to take the lives/ of incurably ill partients/ who wish to die.

两个时间状语后面分别跟了个定语

每一个小定语都是到下一个名词结束，但是固定搭配除外（allow sb to do sth）

在争论了六个月和最后激烈的议会的讨论了16个小时以后，澳大利亚的北部地区变成了世界上允许医生结束想死的绝症病人生命第一个合法的政府

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence/ from experience/ concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

是使用测试其它种类的信息，还是在一个特殊的情况下去使用两者取决于来自于关于相对有效性的来自于经验的证据并且也取决于成本和可得到性这些因素

定语和定语从句的至难点

The words (used by the speaker) may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener_____interfere with system breaks down

A. who  B. as  C. which  D. what

寻找先行词

1. 离它最近的那个名词

2. 定语从句的先行词是离它最近的几个并列的名词

For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

3. 定语从句的先行词是离它最近的那个从句

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

4. 定语从句的先行词是前面的整个句子

5. 定语从句的先行词和引导词之间被一坨东西隔开了