【简译】卑弥呼女王（Himiko）

Queen Himiko, also known as Pimiko or Pimiku (183? - 248 CE), was a 3rd-century CE ruler of the territory in ancient Japan known as Hsieh-ma-t'ai or Yamatai, later to be known as Yamato. Considered by the Chinese as the ruler of all of Japan or Wa, given her state's power, she exchanged diplomatic embassies with the ruling Wei dynasty. A semi-legendary figure, Himiko is curiously absent from Japanese historical records but does appear briefly in Chinese histories. Himiko was noted for being a shaman queen, unmarried, and living in a fortress where she was served by 1,000 women.

          卑弥呼女王，亦作Pimiko或Pimiku(公元183?-248)，是公元3世纪古代日本的统治者，被称为Hsieh-ma-t'ai或Yamatai，后来又被称为大和。鉴于她的国家权力，中国人认为她是整个日本的统治者，她与当时中国的魏国保持着外交关系。作为一个半传奇式的人物，卑弥呼反而没有出现在日本的历史记录中，但却简短地出现在中国的历史中。卑弥呼因其是一个萨满女王，所以未婚，她住在堡垒里，有约1000名女性为她服务。

邪马台国

Himeko's name in archaic Japanese means Sun Child or Sun Daughter and probably alludes to her divine descent from Amaterasu, the Shinto sun goddess, as all Japanese rulers would later be identified as being descendants of. Scholars do not agree on the exact location of Queen Himiko's state Hsieh-ma-tai/Yamatai. A minority place it in north Kyushu, but the majority consider the Nara region as the most likely candidate. In Japan, at the time of her reign during the 3rd century CE, there were around 100 kingdoms spread across the islands. It seems that Himiko's state was the most powerful of these and may have led a loose federation of 30 states as the contemporary Chinese state recognised her as, in effect, the ruler of all of the Japanese islands.

          卑弥呼的名字在古日语中的意思是太阳之子或太阳之女，可能暗指她是神道太阳女神天照的神裔，因为所有的日本统治者在后来都被认定为是其后裔。学者们对卑弥呼女王的国家Hsieh-ma-tai/Yamatai的确切位置意见并不一致。少数人将其置于九州北部，但大多数人认为奈良地区是最有可能的候选地。在她于公元3世纪统治的时候，大约有100个王国分布在各个岛屿。卑弥呼的国家似乎是这些国家中最强大的，并且可能领导了一个由30个国家组成的松散联盟，因为当时中国魏国承认她实际上是日本所有岛屿的统治者。

历史参考文献

Queen Himiko's role as a shamaness or high priestess, not an uncommon practice for rulers in early East Asian cultures, is alluded to in Chinese sources. The Chinese history book Wei Chih ('History of the Kingdom of Wei') which was written in 297 CE. There, we are told Himiko "occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people" (Henshall, 152). Japanese dynastic histories such as the Kojiki ('Record of Ancient Things'), compiled in 712 CE, and the Nihon Shoki ('Chronicle of Japan' and also known as the Nihongi), compiled in 720 CE, do not mention Queen Himiko by name. It is recorded in the Nihon Shoki that the Queen (although not named) sent a tributary embassy to the Wei kingdom of China in 238 CE:

          In the sixth month of the third year of Ching-ch'u [238 CE] in the reign of Emperor Ming Ti, the queen of the Wa sent the grandee Nashonmi and other; they visited the prefecture and asked permission to proceed to the emperor's court and present tribute. The governor, Teng Hsia, dispatched an official who escorted them to the capital. (Keene, 72)

          卑弥呼女王作为萨满大祭司，在早期东亚文化中并不是一个罕见的统治者做法，在中国的资料中也提到了这一点。中国历史书《魏志》（《魏国史》）写于公元297年。从书中可以了解到Himiko“以魔法和巫术为己任，蛊惑人民”（Henshall, 152）。日本王朝的历史，如公元712年编纂的《古事记》（Kojiki）和公元720年编纂的《日本书纪》（Nihon Shoki），都没有提到卑弥呼女王的名字。在《日本书纪》中记载，卑弥呼（虽然没有名字）在公元238年向中国的魏国派遣了一个携带贡品的使团：

          明帝贞观三年[公元238年]六月，倭国女王派Nashonmi（难升米）等人；他们访问了县城，请求允许前往皇宫献上贡品。太守Teng Hsia（？）派出一名官员，护送他们到京城。

Following this embassy, the Chinese gave Himiko the honour of the title 'Queen of Wa, Friendly to Wei' and a gold seal. Other gifts given to the queen in return for her tribute of fine cloth and slaves to the region's great power included beads, 100 bronze mirrors, and swords, some items of which may have become part of the Japanese imperial regalia. Himiko sent two more embassies to China in 243 and 247 CE. For all these good relations there would not be any more contact between the two states until the Sui Dynasty of the 7th century CE.

          这次出使后，中国人赐予了卑弥呼“倭族女王，对魏国友好”的荣誉称号和一枚金印。作为对女王向该地区大国进贡精美布匹和奴隶的回报，她得到的其他礼物包括珠子、100面铜镜和宝剑，其中一些物品可能已经成为日本皇室礼服的一部分。243年和247年，卑弥呼又向中国派出了两个使团。由于这些提前打好的关系，直到公元7世纪的隋朝，两国之间才会有更多的接触。

传记详情

According to the Wei Chih, Queen Himiko was chosen by her people following a turbulent period of 70 or 80 years beset by uprisings and warfare. Although enjoying a peaceful reign, the queen was said to have never married and lived as a recluse in a mighty towered fortress which was guarded from the outside by 100 men. Inside, the monarch was served by 1,000 female servants. Himiko did have one male attendant who served her food and acted as her point of contact with her kingdom and other states. She also left affairs of state to or at least shared them with her younger brother while she devoted herself to shamanism.

          根据《魏志》记载，卑弥呼女王是在经历了70或80年的动荡之后，由她的人民选举上位的，而且经常受到起义和战争的困扰。虽然处于和平的统治，但据说女王从未结婚，并隐居在一个高大的堡垒中，该堡垒外部由100名男子看守。堡垒内部有1000名女子为其服务。卑弥呼确实有一个男性随从，为她提供食物，并作为她与王国和其他国家的联系人。她还将国家事务交给她的弟弟处理，或者至少与之分担，而她自己则致力于萨满教的研究。

It may be that this romantic description of seclusion and leaving politics to her brother is the result of author bias - it was common for Japanese rulers not to receive ambassadors, for example, which would lead Chinese visitors with the impression of a retiring monarch and later (male) writers were keen to establish a male-only line of sovereigns on the Japanese throne.

          也许这种关于隐居和把政治留给弟弟的浪漫描述是作者偏见的结果——例如，日本统治者不接待大使是很常见的，这将使中国游客对一个退休的君主产生印象，而后来的（男性）作家则热衷于在日本王位上建立一个只有男性的君主印象。

When Himiko died in 248 CE, it is said that she was interred in a tomb measuring 100 'paces' (equivalent to 150 metres) and that 100 slaves were sacrificed in her honour. With her death, Japan moved from the Yayoi Period (c. 300 BCE - c. 250 CE) to the Kofun Period (c. 250-538 CE).

           卑弥呼于公元248年去世，据说她被埋葬在一个长宽100 "步"（相当于150米）的坟墓中，并且有100个奴隶为她献祭。随着她的死亡，日本从弥生时代（约公元前300年-约公元前250年）进入古坟时代（约公元前250-538年）。

传     承

Scholars continue to debate Himiko's role in Japanese history: who she was, where she might have ruled and what is the location of her fabled burial mound but without any consensus ever being reached on all three points. The ancient queen also continues to appeal to the imagination of the wider Japanese public and is easily the most recognisable name in history for the majority of Japanese school children. With regional beauty contests being held in her name, Tarot cards featuring her image, and manga comics starring the queen in various guises ranging from an erotic character to a symbol of female rulership, the legend of Himiko is sure to live on for a good while yet.

          学者们继续争论卑弥呼在日本历史上的作用：她是谁，她可能统治过的地方，以及她传说中的墓冢在哪里，但在这三点上都没有达成任何共识。这位古老的女王也继续吸引着更多日本公众的想象力，并且很容易成为大多数日本学生在历史上最容易识别的名字。以她的名字举行的地区选美比赛，以她的形象为主题的塔罗牌，以及以女王的各种身份（从色情人物到女性统治者的象征）出演的漫画，卑弥呼的传说肯定会持续很长时间。

参考书目:

Ebrey, P.B. Pre-Modern East Asia. Cengage Learning, 2008.

Edwards, W. "In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai." Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 53-79.

Henshall, K. Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press, 2013.

Sansom, G. A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press, 1958.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

          驻意大利的历史作家。他的主要兴趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神话和发现所有文明的共同思想。他拥有政治哲学硕士学位，是《世界历史百科全书》的出版总监。

原文网址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Queen_Himiko/