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单词记忆

2023-04-09 23:19| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

名词后缀

-ion/-ment : 表示行为、过程或行为的结果

【规则】

v. + ion / ation → n. (有e 去e)discussion(讨论); invention(发明);cooperation(合作); determination(决心)

v. + ment → n. (基本不去e) disagreement;development;enjoyment;adjustment;requirement(需求);

-ity/-ness/-ce : 表示性质,状态,程度

【规则】adj./v. + t 结尾→ n.(去掉t  +ce)convenient → convenience 便利present → presence 出现absent → absence 缺席intelligent → intelligence 智力reluctant → reluctance 不情愿;勉强patient → patience 耐心

 

-er/-or: 表示人或物v. + er/or → n. (有e+r /有e 去e+or)teacher 老师consumer (有e+r )消费者inventor 发明家actor 演员tractor 拖拉机elevator 电梯

-ity/-ness : 表示性质,状态,程度(1)adj. + ity → n.(有e 去e;ble→bility)secure → securitypossible → possibility(2)adj. + ness → n.(以y 结尾, y→i)dark → darknesshappy → happiness

 

名词位置

做题方法:①判断词性②词性转换

什么时候空格里填入名词??1. a、an、the+(形容词)后面2. A of B的结构中,A、B都是名词3. 介词后面4. 动词的前面或后面

 

名词的数

可数名词—规则变化

1. 大部分情况:词尾+“s”:friends2. 以“s/x/z/sh/ch”结尾:+“es”: boxes , dishes3. 辅音字母+“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”再加“es”:families4. 元音字母+“y”结尾,变复数直接+ “s”:toys5. “f/fe”结尾,变“f/fe”为“v”再加“es ”: thieves6. 辅音字母+“o”结尾: +“es”: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes7. 元音字母+“o”结尾: +“s”: zoos, kangaroos    外来词,不受规则制约:    photo-photos    auto—autos    piano– pianos    kilo– kilos 千克        首领有信心在屋顶找到证据,结果发现了一个保险箱。    chief– chiefs 首领    belief– beliefs 信心    roof—roofs 屋顶    proof– proofs 证据    safe– safes 保险箱

可数名词—不规则变化

1. 单复同形:deer, sheep, fish, Chinese,means(方式,方法)…2. 词义要求只有复数(一般是工具和衣服): shorts(短裤), scissors(剪刀),…3. 特殊变化:man-men; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; child-children; mouse-mice; ox-oxen…4. 集合名词:family, people, police, cattle…5. 合成名词:有主体名词在主体名词后+S,没有主体名词在整个名词后+Sgrown-ups, breakdowns, babysitterssons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,men writers, women singers(职业单数都是单数,复数都是复数)

不可数名词—无法量化的名词(不能与“a/an”连用)

液体:water a glass/bottle of water气体:air a can(厅或罐装物) of air肉类:a slice(片) of pork粉末:a bag(袋) of salt

(了解)有些名词可加s,表示不同的含义sand:沙子;sands:沙滩water:水;waters:水域wood:木材;woods:森林

不可数名词—抽象名词【看不见看不见摸不着】(不能与“a/an”连用)

表品质:honesty 诚实表情感:love 爱表动作:translation 翻译表状态:danger 危险

特例:experience

① “经验” 不可数The teachers met once a year to exchange experience(经验).② “经历” 可数My life in China was an unforgettable experience(经历).I have many unforgettable experiences in China (经历). 描述数量

只能修饰可数名词:many, a number of, a few, few(可复数)只能修饰不可数名词:much, a deal of, a little, little(不可复数)                                    I have a little money left. 我还剩一点钱。                                    I have little money left. 我一点钱也没有了。即可以接可数也可以不可数:some(肯定句), any(疑问句和否定句), a lot of, lots of, plenty of

名词位置

Money is important. (主语句首)I have money. (动词后)I have a house. (可位于冠词后)I have a big house. (可位于形容词后)

You can call me Via. (宾补)Via has a mountain bike. (名词修饰名词)Via rode the mountain bike yesterday. (时间状语)Via will sell the mountain bike to her neighbour. (间接宾语)

 

主谓一致

1. 语法一致

(1)单复数主语

主语 谓语动词 可数名词(单数) 谓动单数 可数名词(复数) 谓动复数 不可数名词 谓动单数

My boss was happy with the decision.A number of apples have been eaten.Time is money.

a number of +可数名词(复数)+ 谓动复数       许多……the number of +名词(任意数)+ 谓动单数        ……的数量

(2)假象主语

① “和”都是复数Peter and Paul are good students

② 假象主语(“和”):但除了as well as, together with,along with, except,but这些短语,谓语单词的单复数要看最前面的原有主语。His children as well as his wife are invited to the party.(be)

带逗号的可以理解成两逗号之间是插入语,插入语是不重要的成分,当它不存在。He, together with his friends, likes music.He, as well as his friends, likes music.

(3)“不定代词”作主语

每一个人Everyone gets five stars.Each of us gets five stars.

他们Both of them get five stars.Some of them get five stars.

真题演练:

The number of ___women____ ( woman ) doctors in the hospital ____has___ (have)increased dramatically over the past decade.(客观事实不用过去式,用一般现在时)

a number of+可数名词复数

The number of ……的数量(女医生的数量,因此是用谓语动词的单数)相当于A of B, 翻译成B的A,A在此就是指数量,是单数

 2、意义一致

(1)同一主语,不同身份

(The teacher and singer) is famous.   既是老师也是歌手(the只有一个证明是一个人)The teacher and the singer are famous.   两个“the”是两个人(A knife and fork一套餐具) is needed for dinner.(Bread and butter黄油面包) is their favorite at dinner.

(2)名词的形(拼写)和意(意思)

① 形复意单:Physics(形势是他末尾是有S的,但它是物理是学科,因此是谓语是单数) is my favorite subject.② 形单意复: The cattle(没有加S,看上去是单数,但它的意思是牛群,因此谓语动词是复数) are on the hill.

(3)The+

① The +adj 表示一类人(复数)the old, the rich, the young② The +姓氏s 表示一家人(复数)The Greens are waiting.

(4)复数名词的单数意义(时间、金钱、路程)

① 时间:

Ten years is a long time.

The duration of(持续时间) ten years is a long time.(A of B翻译B的A)

Three days is (be) usually not enough for a cat to become acquainted(熟悉、熟络) with a new cat or kitten(三天通常不足以让一只猫认识一只新的小猫)

When you’re scared or being challenged in any way. 10 seconds  seems (seem) like lifetime, let alone 60 seconds(当你害怕或者受到任何形式的挑战时,10秒就好像一生,更不用说是60秒了)*

② 金钱: 100 yuan is a lot of money for me.③ 路程:Five miles seems a long journey.

3. 就近一致

Either you or I am responsible for the mistake.(我俩都对这个错误负责)

就近原则:

① either…or

不是而是:not…but…两者中一:or;either…or两者都不:neither…nor两者都:not only… but alsoNot only his children but also his wife is invited to the party.(be)

② there be 句型There is a mouse and two cats in my house.There are two cats and a mouse in my house.

代词(了解即可)

1、指代人

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I love money.(主语)The students love me.(宾语)My name is DCN.【我的(形容词)-所属关系(物主代词)】The money is mine.【宾语,省略我的钱,从词性上说是名词,所属关系(物主代词)】I beat myself.

2、指代物

指示代词①单数(this这个/ that那个)②复数(these这些/ those那些)         I want this / these.         You buy me this / these.

Everyone experiences these ( this ) problems at some time in their lives.句意:每个人在人生的某个阶段都会经历这些问题

3、指示代词

(1)相互代词

We often help each other in our lessons.

(2)不定代词(不指明任何名词和物)

  some any no every thing     something anything nothing everything one someone anyone none everyone where somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere body somebody anybody nobody  everybody

(3)关系代词和疑问代词

关系代词 疑问代词 who who(主语) whom whom(宾语) whose whose(谁的?) which which(哪一个?) what what(什么) as  

真题练习:

A: “There’ Il be a lecture this afternoon, don’ t you know?

B:”No.By whom  ( who )and about what?by+doing,但它不是doing的形式,代词的宾格(whom)

 

数词(了解即可,不用背)

(1)基数词:one, two,three

(2)序数词:first, second,third

分数表示法:分母序数词,分子基数词分子大于1,分母加“s”

1/3: one-third3/10: three-tenths

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2ca6ccdf0d9e62396b1fc5a5d1ed0b46There are three apples, but I only want to eat the third one

冠词(a an the)

(1)不定冠词(a/an)

① a:+辅音音素开头的单词 a book       {a university【u(发音是ye)】}② an:+元音音素开头的单词an apple;  {an SOS sign【SOS [es]-元音】}③ 一类人/物(泛指)④ 一个、每一个、某一个(数量为1=one)⑤ 固定结构

1) Such a(an) +adj.+ n.= so+ adj.+ a(an) +n.He is such a good man. =He is so good a man.

2) quite/rather a(an) 相当地He is quite a good man.It is rather a difficult question.

3) many a(an)+可数名词单数(了解即可)Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.   许多好人都毁在了饮酒上。

⑥ 固定搭配(不用背)have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃顿饭have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳have a walk 散步have a good time 玩的愉快

(2)定冠词(the)

特指;再次提到;独一无二;专有名词           I have a cat. The cat is cute(可爱)序数词,形容词副词最高级, only修饰的名词前西洋乐器play the piano地理:江河湖海山脉群岛 the yellow river姓氏名词复数:表家族. The Smiths+谓语动词复数+形容词:表一类人/物The old 老年人+谓语动词复数

(3)零冠词(不加a/an/the-了解)

季节、月份、星期、日期、节假日称呼、头衔、地位、国家、人名、抽象名词不可数名词, 复数可数名词表示泛指时(Teachers like diligent students-老师喜欢勤奋的学生)三餐、球类(play football)、学科、象棋by+交通工具(by bus)

特例:当月份,星期,morning, afternoon, evening,night等名词前面有修饰语时一律用不定冠词a(an)。on a cold morningon a sunny Sundayin a hot monthon a terrible night

go to church:去教堂做礼拜;go to the church:去教堂;go to school:去学校上学;go to the school: 去学校;stay in hospital:住院;stay in the hospital:呆在医院里;

动词

动词后缀

(1)-en/en-: 使成为,引起,使有

【规则】① adj./n.+(e)n → v. (e 结尾+n)-翻译成“变”quick → quickenshort → shortensweet → sweetenstrength → strengthen

真题:

Would you like to sweeten your tea with some honey? (sweet) 句意:你想在茶里加点蜂蜜让它变甜一点吗?His visit is intended to strengthen ties between the two countries. (strength)句意:他的访问皆在加强两国之间的关系。

② en-: 使成为,加强

【规则】① (e)n+ adj./n. → v.courage (勇气)→ encourage(鼓励)large(大的) → enlarge(变大)rich(富有) → enrich(变富有)sure(确信的) → ensure(确保)

(2)-ize: ……使, 化;【规则】① adj./n.+ize → v. (e结尾去e; y 结尾,变y 为i)memory(记忆) → memorizeapology(道歉) → apologizespecial → specializestandard → standardize

真题:

People are impressed by the fact that he can memoryize faces he hasseen for only once.(memory)句意:人们印象深刻的是,他能记住他只见过一次的面孔

It took her a couple of hours to memoryize the new words in thetext . (memory)句意:她花了几个小时才记住课文中的生词。

(3)-fy: ……化

【规则】adj./n.+fy → v. (有e去e)pure(adj.)纯的→ purify (为了好发音加一个i)提纯simple(adj.)→simplify 使简化quality(n.)→ qualify 取得资格(或学历)clarity (n.)明确;清楚→ clarify 澄清satisfy 使满意

动词位置

不认识的单词怎么知道它是不是动词??

① 名词/代词前后I beat you. (可位于名词/代词前后)

② 助动词/情态动词can/may后I will beat you. 

③ 副词前后I will softly beat you.

④ to 后(to do)They ask me to beat you.



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