动电修复去除土壤重金属：局限性、解决方案和展望,Science of the Total Environment

动电修复（EKR）技术具有环境友好、高效、经济、可实现原位修复等优点，是一种很有前景的低渗透土壤重金属去除方法。本文系统总结了EKR的基本原理和相关物理化学现象，并提出了EKR技术的三个限制问题：溶解金属能力弱、聚焦效应和能耗。解决这些技术问题的方法有很多，但缺乏对问题产生原因和解决方案的系统总结。本文基于各种增强型EKR技术，总结了解决限制问题的主要思路。比较各项技术的优缺点，对未来新技术的发展具有指导意义。本文还讨论了残留重金属的溶出，这在其他文章中是很少见的。EKR的能耗和修复效果同样重要，都可以作为评价新技术可行性的指标。本文综述了各种电场条件对电力消耗的影响，例如可再生能源供应、新型电极材料和电极配置、合适的电压值和功能性电解质。此外，还介绍了多种能耗计算方法，适用于欧姆热损失、非目标离子竞争时的能量分布以及各种金属离子中特定离子的功耗。研究人员可以根据自己的实际情况选择性参考。本文还系统介绍了EKR的工程设计和造价计算，列出了一些工程案例和中试的研究进展，分析了目前EKR技术难以在大型工程中应用的原因，并提出了未来的研究方向。

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Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology is a promising method to remove heavy metals from low permeability soil, because it is environmentally friendly, efficient and economical, and can realize in-situ remediation. In this paper, the basic principles and related physical and chemical phenomena of EKR are systematically summarized, and three limiting problems of EKR technology are put forward: the weak ability of dissolving metals, focusing effect, and energy consumption. There are many methods to solve these technical problems, but there is a lack of systematic summary of the causes of problems and solutions. Based on various enhanced EKR technologies, this paper summarizes the main ideas to solve the limiting problems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are compared, which has guiding significance for the development of new technology in the future. This paper also discusses the dissolution of residual heavy metals, which is rare in other articles. The energy consumption of EKR and the remediation effect are equally important, and both can be used as indicators for evaluating the feasibility of new technologies. This paper reviews the influence of various electric field conditions on power consumption, such as renewable energy supply, new electrode materials and electrode configurations, suitable voltage values and functional electrolytes. In addition, a variety of energy consumption calculation methods are also introduced, which are suitable for ohmic heat loss, energy distribution when there is non-target ion competition, and power consumption of specific ions in various metal ions. Researchers can make selective reference according to their actual situations. This paper also systematically introduces the engineering design and cost calculation of EKR, lists the research progress of some engineering cases and pilot-scale tests, analyzes the reasons why it is difficult to apply EKR technology in large-scale engineering at present, and puts forward the future research direction.