英语语法总结5：形容词与副词

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一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级

1．形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化

形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。

规则的变化，短的词（单音节及部分双音节的词）一般是在词尾加“er”或“est”（其中重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母；e结尾只要加“r”或“st”；“y”加辅音结尾的去“y”加“ier”或“iest”）如：big, bigger, biggest；late, later, latest；early, earlier, earliest等，较长的词（部分双音节及多音节的词）在前面加上more或most，如：careful, more careful, most careful；clearly, more clearly, most clearly等。

不规则变化的词为：good, well, bad, badly, ill, many, much, little, old, far。变化见下表：

2．常用的比较级、最高级句型

A) 用原级形容词、副词的句型：

a) as... as...“和......一样......”

eg. Try to make as few mistakes as you can.

He speaks English as fluently as you.

b) not as/so... as... “不如.......那样......”

eg. People’s brains cannot work as fast as computers.

c)在以上两个句型中，我们还可以加上“倍数”“分数”“百分数”等词。

eg. Tibet is twice as large as Texas. (= Tibet is twice the size of Texas).

My handwriting is not half so good as yours.

B) 用比较级形容词、副词的句型：

a) ...er than... / more ... than... “比......更......”

eg. It’s cheaper to eat at home than in the restaurant.

注意：用比较级句型的时候，比较的对象必须是同类事物。在汉语中，我们常看到“上海的天气比北京热”，这样的句子，但在做翻译的时候就要注意，必须是同类作比较：

The weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in Beijing.

在比较级形容词和副词前，还可以用一些副词或短语修饰，如：much, far, even, still, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, slightly, *many等。

eg. Your argument is far more persuasive than his.

这些修饰语中的many只用在more +可数名词之前，表“多得多”之意，如many more students。而要表示“多得多”的不可数的东西，则要用much more。

还可以用“倍数（如three times）”，“数词+量词（如two degrees或five hours等）”来修饰。除此之外，还有by far也能修饰比较级的句型，但by far多用在比较级之后，个别情况下，可用在比较级之前。

eg. He arrived here only 5 minutes earlier than you.

The new method is more complicated by far than the old one.

b) less ... than... “不如......那样......”

eg. In my opinion, the writer’s second book is less interesting than his first one.

c) ...er and ...er/ more and more “越来越......”

eg. With the final examination drawing nearer and nearer, Tim was getting more and more nervous.

d) the ...er, the ...er / the more ..., the more... “越......，就越......”

eg. The faster you solve the problem, the best result you will get.

e)带有than的句型，但不是比较的意思。

more than = not only eg. Students have learned more than book knowledge at school.

other than = 1)except eg. There’s nothing in his room other than books.

2)anything but eg. I couldn’t feel other than surprised.

3)different from eg. His tastes are quite other than mine.

rather than = instead of eg. The color seems green rather than blue.

I would sleep rather than see a film tonight.

f)在表示“两者之中比较......的那一个”时，比较级形容词前要用定冠词the。

eg. Bill is the taller of the twin brothers.

C)用最高级形容词、副词的句型：

a) the ...est/ most ... of/ in...

eg. China is one of the largest countries in the world.

b)可以用比较级的句型来表示最高级的意思：

eg. Tom is taller than anyone else/ any other one/ any of the others/ all the others in our class.

No one is taller than Tom in our class.

I have never seen a better film than this one.

请注意在上面第一个例子中的other, else等的用法。试比较：

China is bigger than any other country in Asia.

Chins is bigger than any country in Africa.

c)在最高级形容词或副词前可以用序数词或very, much, by far等。

eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

Among the candidates, John is the very youngest.

The Pacific is by far the largest ocean in the world.

d)在作比较的时候，最高级形容词前必须用定冠词或物主代词所有格、指示代词，在最高级副词的前面可用可不用。

eg. Don’t forget to wear the/your best clothes to the job interview.

He runs (the) fastest in our class.

但是有时候会看到在最高级形容词前不用定冠词的例子，这时，这个最高级其实不是“最......”的意思，而是“非常......”的意思。

eg. This is a most interesting film.

二、有关形容词的一些要点

1．作定语和作表语的形容词

英语中很多形容词都既可作定语，也可作表语，如kind，可以说She is a kind teacher，或She is kind。但是有些形容词只能作表语，如很多a开头的形容词（afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake）以及glad, pleased, sorry, tired等。

有些形容词用作表语时的意思与用作定语时的意思不一样。试比较：

1）He is ill in bed.

Ill news runs apace(=quickly).

2) What’s your present address?

All the members were present at the conference.

*2．多个形容词修饰同一个名词的词序排列：

eg. a charming small round old brown French oak writing table

（描述性→大小→形状→新旧/年龄→颜色→地方→物质材料→用途）

3．形容词和名词的正确搭配

eg. price (high/low); goods (cheap/expensive); population (large/ small); rain (heavy/light)

4．形容词作状语/补语

形容词有时可以作句子的状语（也有的语法书上称之为补语）。

eg. The little girl went home, cold and hungry.

The captain promised to land the passengers safe.

5．一些由同一词根派生出来的形容词词义辨析

英语中根据构词法，经常可碰到一些由同一词根派生出的不同的形容词，在学习掌握的时候需要加以注意，不要混淆。

A) historic与historical

historic意思为“历史上有重大意义的”，historical意思为“历史的”。

eg. Waterloo is a historic battlefield, where Napoleon’s army was defeated.

Have you seen the historical film about Napoleon?

B) sensible与sensitive

sensible意思为“明智的”“合理的”“可感觉到的”，sensitive意思为“敏感的”“神经过敏的”。

eg. Surely it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.

There is a sensible increase in temperature because of the global warmth.

This is such a sensitive issue that we should deal with it carefully.

C) imaginable, imaginary与imaginative

imaginable意思是“能够想象的”“想象得出的”，imaginary意思是“想象（出来）的”“虚构的”，imaginative是“富于想象力的”。

eg. The seven dwarfs tried every imaginable means, but couldn’t wake her up.

All the characters in the story are imaginary.

Jack was an imaginative child though he didn’t do well at school.

三、有关副词的一些要点

1．副词的位置

频度副词一般在动词“be”与助动词之后，行为动词之前.

eg. David is usually late.

He seldom comes early.

You can never imagine how embarrassed I was at that time!

修饰动词的副词经常在动词之后，有时也可放在句首。

eg. Though I did the exercise very carefully, I failed again.

Suddenly, a tall man appeared from behind the curtain.

表地点和时间的副词可放在句尾或句首。

2．与形容词同形的副词，以及词尾以ly结尾的副词

A)有些有ly结尾的副词经常可以有抽象的意义，而与形容词同形的副词表示的是比较具体的意义。如high/highly; deep/deeply; wide/widely

eg. He can jump very high.

The principal speaks highly of your work.

B)有些词的意思完全不同如hard/hardly; near/nearly; late/lately; most/mostly，需要加以注意。

3．一些常用副词的用法

A) very, much, very much与well的用法

very一般修饰形容词、副词和现在分词，如：very good/hard/interesting

much一般修饰比较级和过去分词，如：much faster/ respected

very much一般修饰动词，如：I love it very much.

well一般修饰worth doing与介词短语，如：well worth reading/above the trees

B) fairly与rather

fairly与rather都有“相当”的意思，但一般fairly修饰带有褒义的形容词或副词，含有“正合适”，“恰当”等的意义；而rather含有“过分”的意义，所以修饰带有贬义的形容词和副词更多，如：fairly warm, rather hot; fairly cool, rather cold; fairly easy, rather difficult等。

C) nearly与almost

nearly与almost都可以解释为“几乎”，一般情况下，两个词经常可以互换，有人认为用almost时，感觉上比nearly更接近一些。

eg. The work was almost/nearly completed.

Almost/Nearly all the Japanese eat rice.

在any及一些否定词no, none, never, nothing, nobody的前面，必须使用almost。

eg. Almost no one believed what he said.

固定词组not nearly的意思是“远远不（够）。”

eg. There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.

I have 20 dollars, but that isn’t nearly enough for my journey fare.