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QuEChERS前处理方法在食品检测中的应用进展

2024-04-20 20:56| 来源: 网络整理| 查看: 265

QuEChERS前处理方法在食品检测中的应用进展

李俊超1,秦学磊1*,吴圣江1,卢可可1,师雨梦1,吴子健2

(1.河南华测检测技术有限公司,河南 郑州 450001;2.天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院天津市食品生物技术重点实验室,天津 300134)

摘 要:样品前处理是食品检测中的关键步骤,QuEChERS技术具有快速、简便、便宜、高效、可靠、安全等优点,不仅广泛应用于水果、蔬菜、谷物等样品中农药残留检测,还广泛应用于兽药残留、毒素、污染物、非法添加物等物质的检测,且涵盖的样品基质也越来越多。该文对近些年QuEChERS技术的改进以及在食品领域的应用进行综述。

关键词:样品前处理;食品;检测;QuEChERS;技术

近些年,食品安全问题备受关注,日益成为广大消费者关注的焦点,食品安全问题主要包括:生物性食品安全问题,如真菌毒素、致病微生物等;有害化学物质引起的食品安全问题,如水果、蔬菜中的农药残留,动物源性食品及其制品中的兽药残留等;物理及其他食品安全问题,如辐照食品、非法添加物等。目前用于食品中的农、兽药残留、毒素、非法添加物等检测的现代分析方法很多,如高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、气相色谱-质谱联用法、红外光谱法、酶联免疫吸附法等,这些方法具有分析速度快、精密度高、灵敏度高等优点,但是前处理都比较复杂,需要去除干扰物质、富集痕量或超痕量的待测目标组分。基于此,相关机构一直致力于寻找有效的提取净化方法。最早在2003年,Anastassiades等[1]提出了QuEChERS技术,该技术是一种新型的样品前处理技术,用于含水量较多的果蔬中药物多残留的分析检测,因具有快速(quick)、简便(easy)、便宜(cheap)、高效(effective)、可靠(rugged)、安全(safe)等特点而得名。该技术初期广泛应用于各种水果、蔬菜中痕量农残的有效分离,后来由于其高效、经济、绿色等优点已被广泛地应用于水果、蔬菜中农药多残留[2]、动物源性食品及其制品中兽药残留[3]、非法添加物[4]、真菌毒素[5]、生物碱[6]等很多的样品前处理。本文就近年来国内外学者对QuEChERS技术的改进,分析该技术在食品中农药残留、兽药残留、真菌毒素及其他方面的应用进行综述,并对QuEChERS技术的应用前景进行展望。

1 QuEChERS概述

QuEChERS技术是由固相萃取技术及基质固相分散技术衍生与发展而来[7],实质与色谱、固相萃取技术类似,均是利用具有吸附性能的填料和基质中的杂质相互作用,从而达到净化除杂的目的。其基本流程:样品经粉碎后经单一溶剂乙腈提取,加入无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行盐析分层,然后利用分散固相萃取剂N-丙基乙二胺(primary secondary amine sorbent,PSA)与基质中的绝大部分杂质(如有机酸、糖类、极性色素、脂质、蛋白质、甾醇类等)相互作用,通过离心方式达到净化作用,最后净化后的提取液用气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)或气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行多残留分析[1]。与传统的液-液分配或固相萃取技术相比,QuEChERS技术的主要优点[1]:(1)可用于分析极性和非极性农药残留,分析范围广泛;(2)对大量可分析的农药品种的回收率均高于85%;(3)采用内标法定量,精密度及准确度较高;(4)样品制备简单,溶剂用量少;(5)处理过程简单,用时短,一个分析人员可在30 min内完成6个样品的处理;(6)费用低;(7)装置简单。

QuEChERS技术提出后,受到了业内人士的关注和认可,研究人员在原有的基础上对更适合实验室及检测项目特性的方法进行探索,美国分析化学家 协会 (Association of Official Analytical Chemists,AOAC)和欧盟(European Union,EU)分别于 2007年和2008年发布了基于QuEChERS技术的标准AOAC 2007.01:Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate[8]和EN 15662:2008:Foods of Plant Origin—Determination of Pesticide Residues Using GC-MS and/or LC-MS/MS Following Acetonitrile Extraction/Partitioning and Cleanup by Dispersive SPE—QuEChERS-method[9]。该技术从发布至今,各方研究者的改进和完善如表1所示,该技术已经发展成为一种适用性极强、适用范围非常广泛的多样化前处理技术。

表1 QuEChERS技术的主要改良Table 1 The main improvements of QuEChERS technology

改良项目 改良前 改良后 优点 参考文献取样量 10 g 含水量>80%的基质,称取10 g,不加水;含水量

2 QuEChERS在食品检测中的应用

QuEChERS技术已经被广泛应用于水果、蔬菜、食用菌、谷物、蜂蜜、鸡蛋等的农药残留分析,动物源性食品中的兽药残留分析,谷物、牛奶等的真菌毒素分析,食品中化学污染物及其他非法添加物质检测分析。

2.1 QuEChERS在农药残留检测中的应用

QuEChERS技术发展最初主要应用于含水量较高的水果、蔬菜样品基质中农药残留的检测,且多以单一的PSA吸附剂进行净化,检测的农药种类也多以氨基甲酸酯类等少数或单一种农药残留为主,经近几年的发展和改进,如提取溶剂、吸水剂、缓冲盐、净化剂、分析仪器等,国内外学者不仅将QuEChERS技术应用于常用杀虫剂检测,也用于常见的除草剂、植物生长调节剂、杀菌剂及其他农药的同步检测,涉及的样品基质,除了水果、蔬菜、谷物类外,还有含糖量较高和含脂量较高的动物源性食品,如蜂蜜、鸡蛋、肉类等[25-26]。

目前有机磷类、有机氯、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测主要参照NY/T 761—2008《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留的测定》等标准,但是国标方法一般前处理过程繁琐,试剂消耗大,基质干扰比较大[27],QuECh-ERS技术的应用能有效解决这些问题。徐国锋等[28]研究QuEChERS技术检测水果中31种有机磷农药残留方法,样品经乙腈提取,NaCl分层,C18、MgSO4净化后,气相色谱分析,发现31种农药的线性相关系数均>0.99,不同添加水平下回收率为81.7%~120.7%(R为 0.4%~14.7%),方法检出限为 0.4 μg/kg~6 μg/kg,该方法简便,灵敏度高、准确度高,可用于水果中31种有机磷农药的快速检测。Nantia等[21]研究了QuEChERS技术分析芳草中28种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,发现添加回收率均高于72%,检出限为2μg/kg,说明QuEChERS联合超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer,UPLC-MS/MS)技术是一种检测氨基甲酸酯类农药的高通量方法。Machado等[29]研究QuEChERS技术检测洋蓟叶、果实中98种农药残留,样品加水复溶后,经乙腈提取,NaCl、MgSO4、柠檬酸缓冲盐分层,使用CaCl2、PSA净化后供GC-MS和三重四极杆串联液质联用仪(liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer,LC-MS/MS)分析,两种分析方法的添加回收率分别为73.4%~118.5%、70.2%~114.8%,检出限均低于欧盟标准方法检出限,说明该方法可有效监测洋蓟叶、果实中98种农药残留。

QuEChERS技术在奶制品、蜂蜜、油、酒类、畜禽肉农药残留检测中的应用比较广泛,Wu等[30]采用QuECH-hERS技术分析奶制品中有机磷农药残留,样品加入酸化乙腈(含0.2%甲酸),以除去蛋白质并提取出目标物,然后经PSA净化,UPLC-MS/MS检测,发现7种有机磷农药在 1 μg/L~200 μg/L 线性良好(R2≥0.99),检出限为 0.1 μg/kg~0.36 μg/kg,添加回收率为 90.1%~105.5%(液体奶)、83.5%~110.5%(奶粉),且基质干扰明显降低,说明QuEChERS技术能有效应用于奶制品中的有机磷农药残留检测。Zheng等[31]研究猪肌肉、牛奶、鸡蛋、鳗鱼、比目鱼、虾样品中仲丁威的QuEChERS方法,样品经酸化乙腈(含0.1%三氟乙酸)提取后,MgSO4、NaCl分层,C18、MgSO4净化,经 UPLC-MS/MS检测,发现添加回收率为61.38%~102.21%,检出限为0.7 μg/kg,说明QuEChERS技术可用于动物源性农药残留检测。Jiang等[32]研究QuEChERS技术检测白酒、红酒中77种农药残留,样品经乙腈提取后,MgSO4、NaCl分层,MgSO4、PSA净化,经GC-MS分析,发现 77种农残的添加回收率为70%~110%,检出限为0.9 μg/L~1.5 μg/L,说明该方法可以用于市场上酒类样品中农药残留的常规检测。

2.2 QuEChERS在兽药残留检测中的应用

兽药残留是影响动物源性食品安全的主要因素,目前正在使用的兽药有近百余种,因此寻找高效、快速、灵敏的兽药残留分析方法对于食品安全具有重要意义。QuEChERS技术主要应用于畜禽肉、畜禽内脏、鸡蛋、牛奶及其制品、蜂蜜、鱼、虾等中磺胺类、氯霉素类、喹诺酮类、大环内脂类、苯并咪唑类、β-受体激动剂类、素环素类、青霉素类等的残留检测。动物源性食品一般富含脂肪、蛋白质等物质,基质问题会严重干扰检测分析结果,尤其是牛奶、畜禽内脏样品。因此样品净化过程是检测分析中的关键,而近几年QuECh-ERS技术不断改进,净化剂已从单一的PSA改进为MgSO4、C18、PSA单个或者不同比例组合使用,能达到良好的净化效果。另外,由于兽药种类多,性质差异大,所以传统的检测方法一般只能检测同类兽药残留,不能同时检测多类兽药残留,但是QuEChERS技术现已可应用于多类兽药残留检测。

Kang等[33]采用QuEChERS技术检测猪、牛、羊肌肉组织中大环内脂类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、苯并咪唑类、β-受体激动剂等55种兽药残留,样品经酸化乙腈(含5%乙酸)提取,Na2SO4、NaCl分层,C18净化后,UPLCMS/MS分析,结果发现采用该方法大部分兽药回收率可达到70%~120%,各样品中目标物的定量限均低于20.0 μg/kg,说明该方法具有简单、精确、快速、灵敏度高等优点,可作为肉类产品兽药多残留的常规分析方法。张科明等[34]采用改进的QuEChERS技术检测猪肉中7类35种兽药残留,样品经酸化乙腈(含2.5%乙酸)和Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲液提取后,NaCl、Na2SO4分层,NH2净化后经LC-MS/MS分析,结果发现在不同添加水平下平均回收率为71.8%~113.5%,检出限为0.01 μg/kg~1.01 μg/kg,该方法操作简单,净化效果好,灵敏度高,适用于猪肉中兽药多残留的同时快速定性、定量分析。Tan等[35]采用QuEChERS技术检测原料乳中13种类固醇激素,样品经乙腈提取,MgCl2、NaCl、柠檬酸缓冲盐分层,MgCl2、PSA、酸性Al2O3净化,超高压液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(ultraperformanceliquid chromatography-quadrupoletimeofflight-massspectrometry,UPLC-QTOF-MS)分析,发现各添加水平回收率为 74.2%~99.7%,检出限为 0.07 μg/kg~0.51 μg/kg,说明该方法可以用于原料乳中13种类固醇激素的检测。

与国家标准方法和行业标准相比,QuEChERS技术具有效率高、成本低、准确度和灵敏度高、周期短等优点,虽然目前在兽药残留检测中的应用还远低于农药残留,尤其对于一些基质比较复杂的样品(如牛奶、肝脏等)应用较少,但是由于QuEChERS技术各方面的优点,且不断有新的萃取剂和净化剂应用,该技术在兽药残留领域会得到更广泛的应用。

2.3 QuEChERS在真菌毒素检测中的应用

真菌毒素是真菌类生物的次生代谢产物,也是一类严重危害人类健康的污染物,尤其是其存在于食品中时更应引起注意。一旦真菌毒素进入人体,就可能会产生肾脏毒性、肝脏毒性、神经毒性或肿瘤等,因此近年来有学者将QuEChERS技术应用于真菌毒素检测对控制和降低其对人体的危害有重要意义。Rodríguez-Carrasco等[36]比较了基质固相分散萃取法(matrix solidphase disperse,MSPD)和QuEChERS技术对面包中8种真菌毒素的提取情况,发现相较于MSPD法,QuEChERS技术具有省时、省力、添加回收率高(基本在80%以上)、重复性好(R≤15%)等优点。

谷物类食品是真菌毒素的主要来源,因此学者们最先将QuEChERS技术应用到谷物类真菌毒素的检测,Koesukwiwat等[37]于2014年采用改良的QuEChERS技术分析大米中14种毒素,样品经酸化乙腈提取后,加入MgSO4、NaCl和柠檬酸缓冲盐分层,经MgSO4、PSA、C18、中性 Al2O3净化,使用 UPLC-MS/MS 进行分析,14种毒素的添加回收率为70%~98%、相对标准偏差≤7%、添加量为10 μg/kg~100 μg/kg时,检出限为0.5 μg/kg~15 μg/kg,说明该技术可以用于大米中真菌毒素的分析,且比免疫亲和柱法等节省时间和费用。目前该技术已经被应用于小麦、玉米、大豆、燕麦、小米等样品基质中毒素的检测[38-39],一般称样量为2 g~15 g。由于谷物类物质含水量非常低,且在提取和净化过程中淀粉和蛋白质极易发生交联反应,从而形成网络结构,因此在提取前会加入一定量的水,充分浸润样品,以提高提取率。随着QuEChERS技术的发展,牛奶、酸奶、植物饮料、奶酪、麻酱等样品基质中真菌毒素也能用 QuEChERS 技术进行分析,Miró-Abella等[40]采用QuEChERS技术分析了大豆、燕麦、稻米植物型饮料中黄曲霉毒素,脱氧雪腐镰刀赤霉醇等11种真菌毒素,经10 mL酸化乙腈提取后,NaCl、MgSO4进行分层,采用UPLC-MS/MS进行分析,各毒素添加回收率达到80%~91%。

目前可用QuEChERS技术分析的毒素有15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素(B1、B2、G1、G2)、赭曲霉毒素、A、B 类单端孢霉烯族、NIV 毒素(nivalenol,NIV)、橘霉素、伏马毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、新蛤蚌毒素、HT-2毒素(HT-2 toxin,HT-2)等[41]。无论是同类别毒素还是不同类别毒素,只要极性相近的毒素,采用QuEChERS技术均有较高的提取率,因此在方法开发或改进时可以以毒素极性进行分类提取[42]。另外,采用QuEChERS技术时,提取液pH值对添加回收率的影响也较大,因此在提取液中通常加入一定比例的乙酸、甲酸、柠檬酸缓冲盐和醋酸缓冲盐等,以避免加入净化剂后体系pH有所增加。Zhang等[43]采用QuEChERS技术分析环毛蚓中22种毒素,用水、酸化乙腈(含15%甲酸)提取,Na-Cl、MgSO4分层,采用 MgSO4、C18、PSA、GCB 进行净化,经UPLC-MS/MS分析,22种毒素的添加回收率为73%~105%,检出限为 0.05 μg/kg~10 μg/kg。C18、PSA和中性Al2O3是比较常用的净化剂,一般谷物类中毒素提取后只需要使用C18净化,而PSA可单独用于乳制品、谷物中毒素提取液的净化。

2.4 QuEChERS在其他方面检测中的应用

QuEChERS技术除了应用于农药残留、兽药残留、真菌毒素的分析检测外,目前还应用于污染物、非法添加物、生物碱、甾醇类等物质的检测。

De Paola等[44]研究采用QuEChERS技术检测坚果类食品中丙烯酰胺,样品加水复溶后,经乙腈提取,NaCl、MgSO4分层,经液相色谱质谱联用(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)分析,发现各样品基质中目标物添加回收率为61%~77%,检出限为2.0 μg/kg,综合考虑相对标准偏差、精确度、检出限和定量限,该方法可适用于各种样品基质的丙烯酰胺检测。Chamkasem等[45]研究采用QuEChERS技术检测鲶鱼组织中19种多氯联苯,样品加水复溶后,经乙腈提取,MgSO4、NaCl分层,MgSO4、PSA、C18 净化,经 GCMS/MS分析,发现各多氯联苯的添加回收率为72.8%~96.3%,检出限均低于1 μg/kg,说明该方法可用于鲶鱼样品中多氯联苯的检测。Qiu等[46]研究QuEChERS技术检测中国腌渍鱼中9种挥发性N-亚硝胺类,样品经乙腈提取后,NaCl、MgSO4分层,PSA、C18(封尾)、Na2SO4净化,经GC-MS/MS分析,发现各目标物添加回收率为 94.8%~119.1%,检出限为 0.01 μg/kg~0.1 μg/kg,说明该方法可有效提高中国腌渍鱼中挥发性N-亚硝胺类的检测效率。

3 QuEChERS应用前景展望

QuEChERS技术自提出以来,已在很多领域得到广泛应用,其快速、简便、便宜、高效、可靠、安全的优点也得到了公认,但同时仍存在一些问题,如取样量少,会一定程度上影响检出限;该技术一般使用乙腈或酸化乙腈提取,并与色谱技术联用,但是酸化乙腈对仪器有一定损坏;对于复杂基质,该技术本身还无法消除基质效应的影响,需要增加校正过程,可能会增大试验误差。因此在后续研究中要进一步完善该方法,如寻找新型净化剂、优化提取试剂、开发消除基质效应的校正方法等。

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Progress in the Applications of the QuEChERS Method in the Food Determination Process

LI Jun-chao1,QIN Xue-lei1*,WU Sheng-jiang1,LU Ke-ke1,SHI Yu-meng1,WU Zi-jian2(1.Centre Testing International(Henan)Co.,Ltd.,Zhengzhou 450001,Henan,China;2.School of Biotechnology and Food Science,Tianjin University of Commerce,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology,Tianjin 300134,China)

Abstract:Sample preparation is a critical step in the food determination process.The QuEChERS method has the advantages of being quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,and safe.It has been used widely to detect pesticide residues in fruits,vegetables,grains,and other samples,and also to uncover veterinary drug residues,mycotoxins,chemical contaminants,and illegal additives in various samples.The type of samples that can be detected is becoming more and more.This article reviewed the improvement of QuEChERS technology and its application in the food field in recent years.

Key words:sample preparation;food;determination;QuEChERS;technology

DOI:10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2021.24.030

作者简介:李俊超(1979—),男(汉),高级工程师,硕士研究生,研究方向:食品安全检验检测。

*通信作者:秦学磊(1979—),男(汉),高级工程师,本科,研究方向:食品安全检验检测。

引文格式:

李俊超,秦学磊,吴圣江,等.QuEChERS前处理方法在食品检测中的应用进展[J].食品研究与开发,2021,42(24):206-212.

LI Junchao,QIN Xuelei,WU Shengjiang,et al.Progress in the Applications of the QuEChERS Method in the Food Determination Process[J].Food Research and Development,2021,42(24):206-212.

加工编辑:王艳

收稿日期:2021-03-25



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