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Front Pediatr. 2019; 7: 49. Published online 2019 Feb 28. doi:聽10.3389/fped.2019.00049PMCID: PMC6403467PMID: 30873395Processing of Donor Human Milk: Update and Recommendations From the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA)Guido E. Moro,1,* Claude Billeaud,2 Buffin Rachel,3 Javier Calvo,4 Laura Cavallarin,5 Lukas Christen,6 Diana Escuder-Vieco,7 Antoni Gaya,4 David Lembo,8 Aleksandra Wesolowska,9 Sertac Arslanoglu,10 Debbie Barnett,11 Enrico Bertino,12 Clair-Yves Boquien,13 Corinna Gebauer,14 Anne Grovslien,15 Gillian A. Weaver,16 and Jean-Charles Picaud3,17Guido E. Moro 1Associazione Italiana delle Banche del Latte Umano Donato, Milan, Italy Find articles by Guido E. MoroClaude Billeaud2Neonatology Nutrition, Lactarium Bordeaux-Marmande, CIC Pédiatrique 1401 Children's Hospital, Bordeaux, France Find articles by Claude BilleaudBuffin Rachel3Lactarium Auvergne Rhone Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France Find articles by Buffin RachelJavier Calvo4Fundació Banc Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Find articles by Javier CalvoLaura Cavallarin5Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Turin, Italy Find articles by Laura CavallarinLukas Christen6CARAG AG, Baar, Switzerland Find articles by Lukas ChristenDiana Escuder-Vieco7Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain Find articles by Diana Escuder-ViecoAntoni Gaya4Fundació Banc Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Find articles by Antoni GayaDavid Lembo8Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Find articles by David LemboAleksandra Wesolowska9Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Find articles by Aleksandra WesolowskaSertac Arslanoglu10Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey Find articles by Sertac ArslanogluDebbie Barnett11Greater Glasgow and Cycle Donor Milk Bank, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom Find articles by Debbie BarnettEnrico Bertino12Neonatal Unit of Turin University, City of Health and Science, Turin, Italy Find articles by Enrico BertinoClair-Yves Boquien13PhAN, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, CRNH-Ouest, Nantes, France Find articles by Clair-Yves BoquienCorinna Gebauer14Abteilung Neonatologie Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Leipzig, Germany Find articles by Corinna GebauerAnne Grovslien15Breast Milk Bank, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Find articles by Anne GrovslienGillian A. Weaver16The Milk Bank, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom Find articles by Gillian A. WeaverJean-Charles Picaud3Lactarium Auvergne Rhone Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France 17CarMeN Unit, INSERM U1397, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France Find articles by Jean-Charles PicaudAuthor information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer1Associazione Italiana delle Banche del Latte Umano Donato, Milan, Italy2Neonatology Nutrition, Lactarium Bordeaux-Marmande, CIC Pédiatrique 1401 Children's Hospital, Bordeaux, France3Lactarium Auvergne Rhone Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France4Fundació Banc Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain5Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Turin, Italy6CARAG AG, Baar, Switzerland7Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain8Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy9Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland10Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey11Greater Glasgow and Cycle Donor Milk Bank, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom12Neonatal Unit of Turin University, City of Health and Science, Turin, Italy13PhAN, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Nantes, CRNH-Ouest, Nantes, France14Abteilung Neonatologie Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Leipzig, Germany15Breast Milk Bank, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway16The Milk Bank, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom17CarMeN Unit, INSERM U1397, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, FranceEdited by: Po-Yin Cheung, University of Alberta, CanadaReviewed by: María Gormaz, Agencia Valenciana de Salud, Spain; Britt Nakstad, University of Oslo, Norway*Correspondence: Guido E. Moro ti.ilacsit@oromeodiugThis article was submitted to Neonatology, a section of the journal Frontiers in PediatricsReceived 2018 Oct 15; Accepted 2019 Feb 6.Copyright © 2019 Moro, Billeaud, Rachel, Calvo, Cavallarin, Christen, Escuder-Vieco, Gaya, Lembo, Wesolowska, Arslanoglu, Barnett, Bertino, Boquien, Gebauer, Grovslien, Weaver and Picaud.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.AbstractBackground: A mother's own milk (MOM) is the gold standard for the feeding and nutrition of preterm and full term infants. When MOM is not available or there is not enough, donor human milk (DHM) should be used. Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks (HMBs) should be pasteurized to inactivate viral and bacterial agents. Currently, a pasteurization process at 62.5°C for 30 min (Holder pasteurization, HoP) is recommended in all international HMBs guidelines. State of the art: It is known that HoP affects some of the nutritional and biological components of human milk. Studies have demonstrated that temperature cycle in HoP is not always controlled or calibrated. A better check of these parameters in the pasteurizers on the market today may contribute to an improvement of the quality of HM, still maintaining some of the negative effects of the heat treatment of human milk. So, food industry, and dairy industry in particular, are evaluating innovative methodologies alternative to HoP to better preserve the nutritional and biological properties of fresh human milk, while assuring at least the same microbiological safety of HoP. The most studied processing techniques include High-Temperature-Short-Time (HTST) pasteurization, High Pressure Processing (HPP), and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation. HTST is a thermal process in which milk is forced between plates or pipes that are heated on the outside by hot water at a temperature of 72°C for 5–15 s. HPP is a non-thermal processing method that can be applied to solid and liquid foods. This technology inactivates pathogenic microorganisms by applying a high hydrostatic pressure (usually 300–800 MPa) during short-term treatments ( |
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