2004 年考研英语真题完型填空解析

2004 年考研英语真题 - 完型填空解析

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. [1]        

翻译：关于少年违法犯罪（年轻人所犯的罪行）的许多理论往往将主要影响集中于个人或者社会。

1. concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people), 现在分词短语作定语，修饰 Many theories。

2. of juvenile delinquency, 介词短语作定语，修饰 the causes。

3. juvenile delinquency 少年违法犯罪。

4. crimes (committed by young people), 作 juvenile delinquency 的同位语，对其进一步解释说明。

5. committed by young people, 过去分词短语作定语，修饰 crimes。

6. focus on 集中于。

7. either or 二者择一的；要么… 要么…。

8. as the major contributing influence. 是介词短语，作宾语 the individual or society 的补语。

9. major influence 主要的影响。

Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. [2]    

翻译：强调个人因素的理论认为儿童的犯罪行为是因为他们曾经的恶习未得到足够的处罚，或者他们通过跟别人的交往而学会了犯罪。

1. 该句子的主干为：Theories...suggest (that...or that...)；两个 that 引导的从句，并列作 suggest 的宾语。

2. centering on the individual, 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 Theories。

3. center on 集中在…；以… 为中心。

4. that children engage in criminal behavior (because...), 是 that 引导的从句，作 suggest 的宾语。

5. engage in 从事于（参加）。

6. criminal behavior 犯罪行为。

7. because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds, 是 because 引导的原因状语从句。

8. for previous misdeeds, 介词短语作原因状语。

9. that they have learned criminal behavior (through...), 是 that 引导的从句，作 suggest 的宾语。

10. through interaction with others. 是介词短语作方式状语。

11. interaction with 交往；与… 相互作用。

Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values. [3]   

翻译：强调社会角色因素的理论认为，青少年犯罪是对未成功摆脱他们的社会经济地位而所作出的一种反应，或者是对中产阶级价值观的一种排斥。

1. 该句子的主干为：Theories...suggest (that...)；其中，that 引导的从句，作 suggest 的宾语。

2. focusing on the role of society, 是现在分词短语作定语，修饰 Theories。

3. focus on 集中于。

4. the role of … 的作用，… 的角色。

5. that children commit crimes (...or...). 是 that 引导的从句，作 suggest 的宾语。

6. commit crime 犯罪；干坏事。

7. in response to their failure (to rise above their socioeconomic status), 是 in response to 引导的原因状语。

8. in response to 响应；回答；对… 有反应。

9. to rise above their socioeconomic status, 介词短语作定语，修饰 their failure。

10. rise above 摆脱；克服；不受… 的影响。

11. socioeconomic status 社会经济地位；社会经济状况。

12. as a rejection of middle-class values. 是介词短语作原因状语。

13. of middle-class values, 介词短语作定语，修饰 a rejection。

14. middle-class 中产阶级的。

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. [4]

翻译：大多数关于青少年犯罪的理论关注来自贫困家庭的孩子，却忽略了这样一个事实：来自富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪。

1. of juvenile delinquency, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 Most theories。

2. juvenile delinquency 少年违法犯罪。

3. focus on 集中于。

4. from disadvantaged families, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 children。

5. disadvantaged family 弱势群体家庭。

6. ignoring the fact(that...), 现在分词短语作结果状语。

7. that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. 是 that 引导的同位语从句，修饰 the fact。

8. from wealthy homes, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 children。

9. wealthy home 富裕的家庭。

10. commit crime 犯罪；干坏事。 

The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. [5]

翻译：后者也会犯罪，因为缺乏足够的父母管教。

1. commit crime 犯罪；干坏事。

2. for lack of adequate parental control. 介词短语作原因状语。

3. lack of 缺乏；不足。

4. parental control, 家长控制；父母管教。

All theories, however, are tentative and are subject to criticism. [6]     

翻译：然而，所有这些理论都是常识性的，也容易招致批评。

1. and 连接两个并列句，第二个并列句省略了主语：All theories。

2. be subject to 受支配，从属于；常遭受…；有… 倾向的。

Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. [7]  

翻译：社会结构的变化可能会间接影响青少年犯罪率。

1. in the social structure, 介词短语作定语，修饰 Changes。

2. social structure 社会结构。

3. juvenile crime, 青少年犯罪。

For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. [8]   

翻译：例如，导致工作机会减少和失业率上升的经济的变化，总体上会使可获益的工作难以获得。

1. 该句子的主干为：changes...and rising unemployment...make gainful employment difficult to obtain。

2. For example 例如。

3. in the economy, 介词短语作定语，修饰 changes。

4. that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth, 是 that 引导的定语从句，修饰 changes in the economy。

5. lead to 导致；通向。

6. job opportunity 工作机会，就业机会。

7. for youth, 介词短语作定语，修饰 job opportunities。

8. rising unemployment 失业率上升。

9. in general 总之，通常；一般而言。

10. gainful employment 有收益的职业；有酬工作。

11. (increasingly) difficult to obtain. 是 adj+to do 不定式短语作宾语 gainful employment 的补语。

The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior. [9]  

翻译：因而发生的不满情绪可能会反过来导致更多的年轻人走上犯罪道路。

1. in turn 反过来；转而；轮流，依次。

2. lead into 导致；引起。

3. criminal behavior 犯罪行为。

Families have also experienced changes these years. [10]  

翻译：这几年，家庭也经历了很多变化。

1. experience change 经历改变，变化。

2. these years. 作时间状语。

More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. [11]  

翻译：单亲家庭或父母都有工作的家庭不断增加。这样一来，孩子可能在家庭受到的监督就可能比过去传统家庭要少。

1. 分号连接两个并列句。

2. consist of 由… 组成；由… 构成；包括。

3. one-parent 单亲的。

4. one-parent household 单亲家庭。

5. be likely to do sth 可能会做某事。

6. at home, 介词短语作地点状语。

7. ...less supervision...than was common in the traditional family structure. 是 more/less...than... 结构引导的定语从句，其中 than 是引导词，定语从句修饰 supervision(than was common，省略了 supervision：than supervision was common)。

8. in the traditional family structure, 介词短语作方面状语。

9. family structure 家庭结构。

This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. [12]

翻译：这样一来，孩子缺乏受到的家长的监管被看作是影响青少年犯罪率的因素。

1. lack of 没有，缺乏；不足，不够。

2. of parental supervision, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 This lack。

3. parental supervision 父母的监督；家长的监管。

4. be thought to be 被认为是；被看作是。

5. influence on 对… 的影响。

6. on juvenile crime rates, 是介词短语作定语，修饰 an influence。

7. juvenile crime 青少年犯罪。

8. juvenile crime rate 青少年犯罪率。

Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. [13]

翻译：攻击行为其他可以确定的成因包括在学校的挫折或者失败，毒品和酒类更易得到，不断增长的虐待儿童和忽视儿童的发生率。

1. of offensive acts, 介词短语作定语，修饰 Other identifiable causes。

2. offensive act 攻击性的行为。

3. include 后面有三个名词性短语，并列作宾语。

4. in school /of drugs and alcohol /of child abuse and child neglect., 介词短语作定语，修饰 frustration or failure/ the increased availability/ the growing incidence。

5. drugs and alcohol 毒品和酒精。

6. child abuse 虐待儿童，摧残儿童。

7. child neglect 儿童照管不良；儿童疏忽。

All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. [14]

翻译：所有上述情况都会增加孩子犯罪的可能性，虽然其中的直接因果关系还没有得到确定。

1. tend to do sth. 倾向于做某事。

2. of a child committing a criminal act, 介词短语作定语，修饰 the probability。

3. committing a criminal act, 现在分词短语作定语，修饰 a child。

4. criminal act 罪行，犯罪行为。

5. although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 是 although 引导的让步状语从句。

6. causal relationship 因果关系。