2020年 英语一 真题 SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension Text 2

2020年 英语一 真题 SectionⅡ Reading Comprehension Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.科学出版长期以来一直是印钞的许可证。科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究成果，所以他们会在没有金钱奖励的情况下提供文章。其他科学家也免费进行同行评审的专业工作，因为这是获得地位和产生科学知识的核心要素。

licence n.许可证；执照；放肆；放纵；放荡；纵欲；淫乱v.许可；发许可证[执照]

perform v.表演；执行；履行；演出；做；工作，运转(好 / 不好)

element n.要素；基本部分；典型部分；少量；有点；有些；(大团体或社会中的)一组，一群，一伙；元素（如金、氧、碳）；（尤指恶劣的）天气；（学科的）基本原理，基础，纲要；（尤指动物的）自然环境，适宜的环境；电热元件

acquisition n.(知识、技能等的)获得，得到；(多指贵重的)购得物；购置物；收购的公司；购置的产业；购置；收购

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.由于论文内容是免费的，出版商只需要为其期刊找到一个市场。直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格并不十分敏感。在出版业其他部门陷入生存危机之际，科学出版商通常报告其运营利润率接近40%。

routinely adv.常规地；例行地；通常地；惯常地；毫不意外地

existential adj.(关于)存在主义的；关于人类存在的；与人类存在有关的

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.荷兰巨头爱思唯尔（Elsevier）声称发表了世界上25%的科学论文，去年盈利超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑，使研究人员能够获得自己的公共资助研究；尽管越来越迫切地试图改变这两个数字，但这两个数据似乎都在不可阻挡地上升。

The most drastic, an thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.最激烈的、完全非法的反应是2012年成立的科学中心（Sci Hub）的出现，这是一种全球性的科学论文影印机，现在声称可以访问自2015年以来发表的每一篇付费文章。Sci-Hub的成功依赖于研究人员传递他们自己合法访问的副本，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，使其适用于所有参与者。

drastic adj.激烈的；严厉的；急剧的；极端的；猛烈的

reaction n.反应；回应；(对旧观念等的)抗拒；生理反应；副作用；反应能力；反对；化学反应；反作用力

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.在英国，向开放获取出版迈进是由资助机构推动的。在某些方面，它非常成功。现在，英国一半以上的科学研究都是根据开放获取条款出版的：要么从出版之日起免费提供，要么付费一年或更长时间，这样出版商就可以在正式发布前盈利。

access n.通道；通路；入径；(使用或见到的)机会，权利 vt.访问，存取(计算机文件)；到达；进入

either det./pron.(两者中的)任何一个；(两者中的)每个，各方 adv.(用于否定词组后)也；(补充时说)而且；(对两事物的选择)要么…要么，不是…就是，或者…或者 adj.两者之一的；(两者之中)随便哪一个的；两者中任何一方的

Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of prep ring an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000, and apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.然而，新系统还没有为大学带来任何便宜。出版商对读者免费提供产品的要求做出了回应，他们向作家收取费用，以支付撰写文章的费用。这些费用从500英镑到5000美元不等，显然出版商做得越多，这项工作就越贵。去年的一份报告指出，订阅成本和这些“文章准备成本”一直以高于通胀的速度稳步上升。

prep v.把…准备好, 做准备, 预备；为(患者)做手术准备；使预备好；上预备学校；进行预备学习（或培训）n.（某些私立学校的）课外作业, 备课；（赛马的）试跑；手术前准备工作abbr.介词（preposition）

subscriptions n.(报刊等的)订阅费，订购款，订阅，订购；(向慈善机构的)定期捐款；(俱乐部的)会员费；(服务的)用户费；会员费(或服务费)的交纳；集体资助；集体捐助 subscription的复数

In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社会互联网的经济：劳动力是免费提供的，以换取地位的希望，而巨大的利润则由一些经营市场的大公司获得。在这两种情况下，我们都需要重新平衡权力。

26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because科学出版被视为“印钞许可证”，部分原因是（[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.其资金稳步增长。）

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.其资金稳步增长。

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.其营销策略取得了成功。

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.其同行评审费用减少。

[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.它的内容获取成本很低。

strategy n.策略；计策；行动计划；策划；规划；部署；统筹安排；战略；战略部署

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have根据第2段和第3段，科学出版商爱思唯尔（[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.主要依靠大学图书馆蓬勃发展。）

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.主要依靠大学图书馆蓬勃发展。

[B] gone through an existential crisis.经历了生存危机。

[C] revived the publishing industry.复兴了出版业。

[D] financed researchers generously.慷慨资助研究人员。

thrived v.兴旺发达；繁荣；蓬勃发展；旺盛；茁壮成长 thrive的过去分词和过去式

financed v.提供资金 finance的过去分词和过去式

28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? 作者对Sci Hub的成功有何感想？（[C] Concerned. adj.担心的；关注的；忧虑的；感兴趣的；关切的v.涉及；影响，牵涉(某人)；与…有关；让(某人)担忧 concern的过去分词和过去式）

[A] Relieved.adj.释然的；感到宽慰的；放心的；显得开心的v.缓解；解除，减轻，缓和(不快或痛苦)；减轻(问题的严重性)；缓和；调剂；使有趣 relieve的过去分词和过去式

[B] Puzzled. adj.困惑的；迷惑不解的v.迷惑；使困惑 puzzle的过去分词和过去式

[C] Concerned. adj.担心的；关注的；忧虑的；感兴趣的；关切的v.涉及；影响，牵涉(某人)；与…有关；让(某人)担忧 concern的过去分词和过去式

[D] Encouraged. v.支持；鼓励；激励；鼓动；劝告；怂恿；促进；助长；刺激 encourage的过去分词和过去式

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms从第5段和第6段可以看出，开放获取条款（[A] allow publishers some room to make money.给出版商一些赚钱的空间。）

[A] allow publishers some room to make money.给出版商一些赚钱的空间。

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.使科学家更容易出版。

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.大大降低了出版成本。

[D] free universities from financial burdens.使大学摆脱财政负担。

render vt.提供；使成为；使变得；使处于某状态；给予；回报；递交；呈献；提交 v.提供；给予；提交；翻译；表达；（用不同的语言）表达；粉刷；将（脂肪）熬成油 n.粉刷；(墙壁的)初涂；抹灰；精制油

30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?以下哪项是科学出版模式的特征？（[D] The few feed on the many.少数人以多数人为食。）

[A] Trial subscription is offered.提供试用订阅。

[B] Labour triumphs over status.工党战胜了地位。

[C] Costs are well controlled.成本得到了很好的控制。

[D] The few feed on the many.少数人以多数人为食。

Trial v.试验；试用；测试(能力、质量、性能等) n.(法院的)审讯，审理，审判；(对能力、质量、性能等的)试验，试用；预赛；选拔赛；比赛；令人伤脑筋的事adj. 同“trinal”

triumphs n.巨大成功；重大成就；伟大胜利；(巨大成功或胜利的)心满意足，喜悦，狂喜；(成功的)典范，楷模v.打败；战胜；成功 triumph的第三人称单数和复数

Text 2 26. D27. A28. C29. A30. D