2021年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）答案及解析

目录

2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）答案及解析

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It _1_ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But

3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.

One study found that muscle loss and the 4  of  body  fat  around  the  abdomen  arc associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests  the  5  that lifestyle factors might  help prevent or 6 this type of decline.

The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middlle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9  higher measures  of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .

For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat: in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.

16  there are steps you can 17  to  help reduce abdominal fat and maintain  lean muscle  mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or

D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

How can Britain’s train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?  It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.

Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of

However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are  making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical

But the CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.

That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.

Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss.

With that, “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Farrow says.

That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transfer-ability, the study shows that what’s good for people

As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past. I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are nothing that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?

During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm.

But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s and the introduction of the  Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.

One explanation might must be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “ Nature

A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came photographic portraits there could be ”nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.

Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill-in part because of push-back from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court  weighed in again. Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution. It only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Court was the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC.) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted. When it had a democratic majority in 2015. But rejected the commission’s authority. To require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,

On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband, providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millet rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service”, and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.

In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules. On not neutrality, while preserving the Commission’s power to prompt individual going on between the Justice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC’s abdication.

The endless legal battles and back- and -forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something

A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:

Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm. How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer

science professor at the University of Washington. In addition. “(41)  ” One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.

Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42)           

  These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement  for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.

Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately assess risk. Domingos says. “(43)  ”

“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “ helps people make smarter decisions.”(44) 

A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, its very expensive,” says Domingos.

“(45)  ”

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46) Those societies  came  out of the  war with levels  of enrollment that had been roughly constant  at

3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher

education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university

before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during  the 1970s and 1980s.

The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth:(48)  in many countries of Western Europe; the numbers of students in higher education doubled within

five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of

the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.

Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years. (49) and when the new staff predominantly young men

faculty, And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes  the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy. West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they

also  weakened  the  forms  and  processes  by  which  teachers  and  students  are  admitted  into a

community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.

Part A

A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

Section I Use of English

1、 【答案】 [C] peaks

2、 【答案】 [D] generally

3、 【答案】 [A] while

4、 【答案】 [C] consumption

5、 【答案】 [A] possibility

6、 【答案】 [A] delay

7、 【答案】 [C] included

8、 【答案】 [B] compared

9、 【答案】 [A] with

10、【答案】 [A] scored 11、【答案】 [D] went by

12、【答案】 [B] attributable

13、【答案】 [C] involved

14、【答案】 [D] explain

15、【答案】 [D] treatments

16、【答案】 [D] Meanwhile

17、【答案】 [D] take

18、【答案】 [A] well-being

19、【答案】 [A] level

20、【答案】 [C] diet

Part A

Text 1

21、【笞案】 [C] remains an unreasonable measure 22、【答案】 [A] rail traveller

23、【答案】 [B] have failed to provide an adequate service 24、【答案】 [B] the collapse of operation

25、【答案】 [D] ever-rising Dares Aren’ t Sustainable

26、【答案】 [B] help poor families got better of

27、【答案】 [D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation 28、【答案】 [C] the relation of CCTS to its forest loss

29、【答案】 [C] it can protect the environment 30、【答案】 [A] the effects of a program

31、【答案】 [D] changed peoples impression of the Victorians 32、【答案】 [A] They are rare among photographs of that age 33、【答案】 [C] Their unhealthy dental condition

34、【答案】 [D] a deep-rooted belief

35、【答案】 [A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

Text 4 36、【答案】 [B] show partiality in treating clients 37、【答案】 [A] takes an anti-regulatory stance

38、【答案】 [A] It engages in anti-competitive practices

40、【答案】 [D] Congress needs to take action lo ensure net neutrality.

41、【答案】 [F] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates

42、【答案】 [B] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results

43、【答案】 [G] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much. or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money

44、【答案】 [C] One accounting firm,EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process. along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate 45、【答案】 [E] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’ s useful for employees to go to

46.

【参考译文】战争结束后，这些西方社会有一定的入学水平，而在战前的几十年间，相  关年龄段的入学率大致稳定在 3-5%的水平。

47.

【参考译文】这些社会对高等教育的需求上升，延伸到了那些战争之前从来没有考虑过  上大学的群体和社会阶层。

48.

【参考译文】西欧的许多国家，在 20 世纪 60 年代时，接受高等教育的学生人数五年内

翻了一番，到 70 年代中期，人数又在七年、八年或十年内又翻了一番。

49.

【参考译文】在新员工主要是刚从研究生院毕业的年轻人时,他们在很大程度上决定了

该学院的学术生活规范。

50.

【参考译文】高增长率为学术创新增加了机会，同时，在稳定或增长缓慢期间，也弱化  了学者群体接纳教师和学生的形式和过程。

Part A (10 points)

【参考范文】

Dear Jack,

（表明目的）I write this letter to give you some suggestions on how to find a job in China. The optimal way to find a job is to attend a job fair that provides thousands of positions including development, administration, marketing, and so on.

（ 建 议 ） Here are some tips to help you obtain a satisfactory job. Firstly, prepare a well-designed resume that highlights specialties, experiences and other advantages. Secondly, dress appropriately. Suits are preferred. Finally, be confident and patient.

(结尾）Please feel free to write to me if you have any questions.

Truly yours,

Li Ming

【参考范文】

（引出主题词）Values have always been the main subject of many modern art works.（描述图片）In the cartoon given above, a young boy, dressing as a Chinese opera singer, tells his father that his classmates think Chinese operas are boring. However, his father encourages him to do what he thinks is interesting.（指出寓意）The cartoonist intends to compare two distinct attitudes to life.

school and workplace,（反驳）it poses a threat to their future development.（立论）On the other hand, people who persist in spending time on what they enjoy doing have a great opportunity to become professionals in this respect,（进一步解释）and as a result, make great contribution to social development.

To make a conclusion, one’s attitudes towards life determine his or her future.（提出建议） Therefore, parents and schoolteachers should always encourage young people to stick to developing their own interest, as long as it does not go against public morality.（展望）In this way the society will be more and more harmonious.

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